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Background In many insect taxa, wing polymorphism is known to be a consequence of tradeoffs between flight and other life-history traits. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum exhibits various morphs with or without wings associated with their complex life cycle including wing polyphenism in viviparous females, genetic wing polymorphism in males, and a monomorphic wingless phenotype in oviparous females...
Wing polymorphisms observed in many Insecta are important topics in developmental biology and ecology; these polymorphisms are a consequence of trade-offs between flight and other abilities. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, possesses 2 types of wing polymorphisms: One is a genetic wing polymorphism occurring in males, and the other is an environmental wing polyphenism seen in viviparous females...
Aphids display divergent adult phenotypes, depending on environmental conditions experienced during their embyonic and nymphal stages in their complex life cycles. The plastic developmental mode is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity, so-called “polyphenism”, in which discrete multiple phenotypes are produced based on a single genome. For example, winged and wingless adult females are derived...
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