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Investment in offspring depends on the costs and benefits to the carer, which can vary with sex and social status. Investment also depends on the effort of others by allowing for compensation (load‐lightening), with biparental care studies showing that this depends on the state and type of the other carer. By contrast, studies on cooperative breeders have solely focussed on the effects of group size...
1. In structured populations, phenotypic change can result from changes throughout an individual’s lifetime (phenotypic plasticity, age‐related changes), selection and changes in population composition (environment‐ or density‐driven fluctuations in age‐structure).
2. The contribution of population dynamics to phenotypic change has often been ignored. However, for understanding trait dynamics, it...
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