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Under a load orientation that hinders twinning and impedes fracture, sapphire and Cr-doped α-Al 2 O 3 single crystals (rubies) were deformed from 1500°C to slightly above the brittle to ductile transition temperature of 900°C. Transmission electron microscopy observations of dislocation structures in rubies and sapphire deformed at 1000°C and at 1300°C show features such as long straight...
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