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Back surface field (BSF) can effectively reflect minority carriers from the back surface area of a crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell and therefore improves its photovoltaic performance. Aluminum BSF (Al-BSF) is presently the most widely used BSF for p-type c-Si solar cells. Due to the relatively lower solubility of Al in c-Si, it is hard to achieve a high doping concentration in the Al-BSF, which,...
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