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Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body by active secretion and filtration of plasma. Most of the aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, to the anterior chamber, and goes out at the iridocorneal angle into the intrascleral venous plexus. The balance between formation and drainage maintains intraocular pressure. In glaucoma the pressure in the eye increased. Prolonged...
The eyelids represent a structure composed of skin and cutaneous appendages, including hair follicles and glandular structures. The eyelids and ocular adnexa comprise the primary surface defence for the globe, specifically the cornea. There are three main forms of ciliary disorders: distichiasis, trichiasis and ectopic cilia. The abnormally placed hairs irritate the cornea. The affected eye will become...
The uvea includes the iris, the ciliary body and the choroids. An inflammation of the uvea tract can be defined as uveitis. Uveitis is usually classified into anterior uveitis – involving the iris and ciliary body, intermediate uveitis and posterior uveitis – involving the choroid and retina. There are many known causes of uveitis e.g. (infections, trauma, parasites, immune-mediated, tumors). A specific...
Collie with other several breeds share collie eye anomaly (CEA). It is an inherited and congenital eye diseases affecting choroid and sclera. Affected dogs share deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 gene. The symptoms and signs can vary among affected dogs within one breed. CEA is not progressive in the usual sense. The lesion appears as an area lateral to the optic disc. In severely affected dogs, there...
The vitreous humor is the largest structure in the eye. It is a transparent, jellylike humor that fills the posterior cavity of the eye. As a results, the vitreous functions to transmit light, to maintain the shape of the eye, and to help maintain the normal position of the retina. Embriologically, the vitreous is described as three components: primary, secondary and tertiary vitreous. The vitreous...
Ocular injures are unfortunately a common occurrence in animals. Appropriate detection, diagnosis and treatment decision are needed in case of corneal trauma. Treatment will vary depending on the nature of the wound. In some situations soft contact lenses may promote healing, whereas corneal lacerations may need surgical repair. Surgical treatment involves suturing third eyelid or a conjunctiva flap...
Third eyelid eversion is seen most commonly in young large breed dogs. The everted cartilage appeared as an anterior folding of the leading edge of the third eyelid. The main differential diagnosis is a “cherry eye”. Both conditions cause chronic irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea, and if untreated, can lead to conjunctival edema, epiphora and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Standard surgical method...
Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body by active secretion and filtration of plasma. Most of the aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, to the anterior chamber, and exit at the iridocorneal angle into the intrascleral venous plexus. The balance between formation and drainage maintains intraocular pressure. In glaucoma the pressure in the eye increased. Prolonged...
The lens originates from surface ectoderm covering the embryo’s head. The lens is composed of an acellular capsule, epithelial cells and fibers. The postnatal lens lacks vascularization and innervations. For nutrients and removal of metabolic waste products depends on the aqueous humor. The lens is comprised of 2/3 water and 1/3 protein. Two forms of proteins have been described: soluble (cristallin)...
Tonometry should be a routine component of an ophtalmic examination. It is an essential examination providing rapid diagnosis, especially for glaucoma or uveitis. Tonometry is noninvasive and quick and allows to take up the right treatment. To messure the intraocular pressure Schiǿtz tonometer, Tono-pen, Tonovet and air-puff tonometers can be used. Tono-pen and Tonovet are the manual devices most...
A case of indolent ulcer in a Boxer is described. An indolent ulcer is a ulcer which fails to heal in the expected time. These ulcers are often breed-related, develop spontaneously and may be considered to represent a primary corneal epithelial or superficial stroma dystrophy. It is caused by a failure of attachment between the basal epithelium to the underlying membrane. There are several methods...
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