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Numerical thermalization induced by discrete-particle effects was observed in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations1, which show that the thermal relaxation time scales with ND2 and ND for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) models2, respectively. The parameter ND denotes the number of particles in a Debye length (1D) or a Debye square (2D). However, it was found recently that the thermal relaxation...
Particle-in-cell (PIC) codes have been widely used to model the complex processes and interactions occurring in laser- wakefield accelerators (LWFA). When all the interactions are taken into account, the dominant one or two physical mechanisms for limiting the amount of charges/currents in the monoenergetic electron beam of a LWFA become vague and hard to be analyzed. Therefore, it will be instructive...
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