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Inactivation capacity of E. coli (strain ATCC 15597) in water by natural freezing was examined via two freezing methods: spray freezing and freezing in a freezer. The effect of freezing temperature (−5, −15 and −35°C), storage time, freeze–thaw cycles on the survival of the test organism were investigated. In addition, the number of cells injured by the freezing process was also examined by using...
The spray freezing process, a natural freezing technology, was used to treat pulp mill effluent and oil sands tailings pond water. The wastewaters froze partially or completely (i.e. with or without runoff generation) during the spraying operation. Greater than 60% impurity reduction in the spray ice was obtained when 30% of the total volume of the sprayed water was released as runoff. Organic and...
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