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The Fermi-level pinning (FLP) at the metal/high-k interface and its dependence on the electron state density of the metal gate are investigated. It is found that the FLP is largely determined by the distortion of the vacuum level of the metal which is quantitatively ruled by the electron state density of the metal. The physical origin of the vacuum level distortion of the metal is attributed to an...
Focusing Impulse Radiating Antennas allow the application of intense electric fields to biological tissue with centimeter spatial resolution. At low electric field strength, the scattered electromagnetic waves from the focal volume can be used to obtain information on the complex permittivity of the tissue at this location. Since the permittivity of tumor tissue varies considerably from that of healthy...
The high breakdown strength and high permittivity of water offer the possibility to use it for energy storage and switching in compact pulse power systems. Repetition rates above 1 kHz were recently demonstrated for an all-water pulse generator. Applications for a kilohertz, nanosecond, high power system are in fuel ignition and bioelectrics. We built a 10 Omega water pulse generator, which provides...
Polar liquids, especially water, offer the advantages of high permittivity, a high dielectric strength and a fast dielectric recovery. These benefits make them appealing dielectrics for use in high-energy storage systems and as high-power switching media. In certain applications, however, the use of water is limited by its relatively high freezing point of 0degC and low boiling point 100degC. In comparison,...
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