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It has been well documented that BST2 restricts the release of enveloped viruses by cross-linking newly produced virions to the cell membrane. However, it is less clear whether and how BST2 inhibits the release of enveloped viruses which bud via the secretory pathway. Here, we demonstrated that BST2 restricts the release of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) whose budding occurs at the ER-Golgi intermediate...
The immunoproteasome is an inducible host mechanism that aids in the clearance of damaged proteins. The immunoproteasome also influences immune function by enhancing peptide presentation by MHC class I and promotes inflammation via IκB degradation and activation of NF-κB. We used mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) to characterize the role of the immunoproteasome in adenovirus pathogenesis. Following...
The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as...
HSV-2 is the major cause of genital herpes and its infection increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission. HSV-2 glycoprotein B together with glycoproteins D, H and L are indispensable for viral entry, of which gB, as a class III fusogen, plays an essential role. HSV-2 gB has seven potential N-linked glycosylation (N-CHO) sites, but their significance has yet to be determined. For the...
Tetherin has been defined as a restriction factor of HIV-1 and several other enveloped viruses. However, the significance of tetherin in viral infection remains to be further addressed. Here, we investigated whether tetherin plays a role in HSV-2 infection. Our study revealed that overexpression of tetherin restricted the release of HSV-2 into the extracellular medium, while knockdown of tetherin...
It has been known that there exists serological differentiation among Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates. The present study reports three linear epitopes (aa 48–63, 97–104, and 114–125) identified by using bacterially expressed truncated coat proteins and ten monoclonal antibodies against the native virions of CTV-S4. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the mutation D98G within...
The significance of TLR expression and Tregs in HBV infection has not been clearly described. In this report, flow cytometry was performed to assess TLR2/4 expression on monocytes and circulating CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low/− Tregs frequency of 16 acute hepatitis B (AHB), 42 chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 22 asymptomatic HBV carriers (AsC), and 20 normal controls (NC). We found that...
The genetic and phenotypic stability of viruses isolated from young children following intranasal administration of the trivalent live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV, marketed in the United States as FluMist) was evaluated by determination of genomic sequence and assessment of the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes. The complete genomic sequence...
Thets49 mutation of vaccinia virus WR was mapped by marker rescue to the E11 gene encoding a 15-kDa polypeptide. During synchronous infection of BSC40 cells with wild-type virus, immunoreactive E11 protein accumulated in parallel with the onset of late protein synthesis. Immunoblotting of extracts of wild-type virions showed that the E11 protein was encapsidated within the virus core. A normal temporal...
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