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In recent years, hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has declined considerably in China, associated with wide deployment of HAV vaccines and improvement in socio-economic indicators. Towards the elimination of HA in the country, we assessed the duration and characteristics of immunity conferred by the widely used, locally manufactured HAV vaccine.This is a longitudinal cohort study that followed recipients...
Activating innate immunity by an adjuvant is required in vaccine development. The study aims to investigate adjuvant effects of aqueous extracts of Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR) in vivo and in vitro. ICR mice were subcutaneously administered with antigen and AEAR at various doses to evaluate their immune responses of antibodies, dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Treg), splenic lymphocyte,...
Inactivated porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines are available commercially and widely used in the breeding herds. However, inactivated PPV vaccines have deficiencies in induction of specific cellular immune response. Transfer factor (TF) is a material that obtained from the leukocytes, and is a novel immune-stimulatory reagent that as a modulator of the immune system. In this study, the immunogenicity...
The zona pellucida 3 (ZP3), an autoantigen, once used to develop contraceptive vaccine has been faced a safety issue. Avoiding its pathogenic T cell activation, we intranasally co-delivered the mZP3 DNA- and protein-based vaccines in mice and observed that a higher level of sIgA and IgG antibodies in vaginal washes, bronchoalveolar lavages and serum and yielded a lower level of fertility and mean...
Cimetidine (CIM) is a histamine H2 receptor inverse agonist used primarily as an anti-stomach acids drug, but recent studies showed that it may also modulate immune responses. To evaluate its potential usefulness as an adjuvant, we determined its immune modulating effects on subunit immunization using an HBV-derived recombinant protein antigen rHBsAg. CIM activated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in...
Here, DNA replicon vaccines encoding the Hc domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (AHc) or the receptor binding domain of anthrax protective antigen (PA4) with or without signal sequences were evaluated in mice. Strong antibody and protective responses were elicited only from AHc DNA vaccines with an Ig κ signal sequence or tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence. Meanwhile, there were no...
Plant viruses show significant potential as expression vectors for producing foreign proteins in plants. In this study, codon-optimized VP6 gene (sVP6) of human rotavirus was engineered as a replacement to the coat protein (CP) open reading frame of Beet black scorch virus (BBSV). In vitro-generated RNA transcripts corresponding to the engineered virus were infectious when inoculated onto the leaves...
Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) is considered a harmful and persistent allergic disease in cats, dogs and humans. Effective and safe antigen-specific treatments are lacking. Previously we reported that the simultaneous co-immunization with a DNA vaccine and its cognate coded protein antigen could induce antigen-specific iTreg cells (inducible Treg cells); demonstrating its potential to protect animals...
Praziquantel (PZQ), which is used to treat all forms of schistosomiasis, has been shown to induce strong T cell activities and decrease T regulatory cell levels. In our study, we investigated whether PZQ may be used as an adjuvant for a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) DNA vaccine (pcD-S2) in eliciting strong humoral and cellular responses. Our data demonstrate that PZQ as an adjuvant increased...
Chemical compounds activating innate responses may present potential adjuvants for the vaccine development. Levamisole (LMS), demonstrated as a potent adjuvant for DNA and viral killed vaccines in our previous studies, may activate such responses. To confirm this notion, LMS combined with the recombinant HBsAg (rHBsAg) was investigated. Compared to the vaccination with rHBsAg alone, LMS could up-regulate...
Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and causes virtually all cervical cancer globally. The recent development of two safe and clinically effective vaccines against HPV is a promising step towards lowering cervical cancer rates in the future. What Chinese women think about HPV and the vaccines remains unknown. We undertook a population-based...
Aerosol transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is believed to be an important route of infection. Induction of mucosal response is thought to be effective way against such infection. Various approaches have been developed including the use of molecules adjuvant and polymers delivery for the mucosal delivery of DNA vaccine. In this study, using low molecular weight chitosan as a delivery...
Various approaches have been developed to improve efficacy of DNA vaccination, such as the use of plasmid expressing cytokine as a molecular adjuvant. In this study, we investigated whether co-inoculation of a construct expressing either IL-6 or TNF-α as the molecular adjuvant with FMDV DNA vaccine, pcD-VP1, can increase immune responses. Compared to the group immunized with pcD-VP1 alone, the co-inoculation...
Levamisole (LMS) as an adjuvant enhances cell-mediated immunity in DNA vaccination; we investigated the efficacy and liver immunopathology alleviation of a DNA vaccine, VR1012-SjGST-32, in a LMS formulation in the murine challenge model. Compared to controls, the VR1012-SjGST-32 plus LMS can reduce worm and egg burdens, as well as, immunopathological complications associated chronic inflammation significantly...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and can cause a considerable socio-economic loss for affected countries. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays important role in both the development of a functional immune system as well as the response of the organism to infection. In the present study, bovine IL-18 (BoIL-18), Foot-and-mouth...
As a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. IFN-γ has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. Thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant Bovine IFN-γ (rBoIFN-γ) on a recombinant FMDV vaccine, BoIFN-γ, FMDV VP1 and BoIFN-γ/VP fusion genes were...
To explore adjuvants that are capable of promoting Th1-biased immune response, we investigated the usefulness of levamisole (LMS) as one such adjuvant for two different preparations of killed viral vaccines, derived from the foot mouth disease virus (FMDV) or the porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) and tested respectively in BALB/c or C57 BL/6 mice. The results showed that LMS...
DNA vaccination is useful for generating immune responses, particularly the cell-mediated immune response, in a wide variety of species. However, DNA vaccination generally induces only relatively weak responses; hence, various approaches have been developed recently in order to improve its efficacy or immunopotency. The use of a chemical adjuvant is one of them. Previously we have shown that Bupivacaine...
Vaccine development strategies have often utilized recombinant envelope glycoproteins which usually generate strong humoral immune responses but which do not generate strong cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). A recent novel experimental vaccination approach involves the technology known as nucleic acid immunization in which DNA plasmids expressing a gene of interest is injected intramuscularly in experimental...
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