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Active tuberculosis (TB) patients show impaired NK cell function, and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed the decrease in activation, cytokine secretion, and degranulation potential of NK cells in active TB patients. We further investigated whether coinhibitory receptor Tim-3 was involved with impairment of NK cells. Our results revealed that the expression...
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a nuclear non-histone DNA-binding protein, is secreted extracellularly during inflammation and is a late mediator of inflammatory responses. The pro-inflammatory activity of recombinant HMGB1 proteins is dependent upon the formation of complexes with other mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study investigated the influence of heparin on LPS+HMGB1-mediated...
Suppression of interleukin 12 (IL-12) production by dendritic cells (DCs) has been hypothesized to be a principal mechanism underlying the biological action of interferon (IFN)-β used for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with possible autoimmune origin. How IFN-β interacts with DCs to inhibit IL-12 production remains unclear. In this...
The cytokine IL-12 promotes Th 1 type immune responses and plays a key role in immune regulation. The complex nature of IL-12 hampered its detection without use of stimulants that might give less relevant information. To detect circulating IL-12 p40, we developed enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays that allow enumeration of IL-12 p40 secreting cells without prior in vitro stimulation...
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