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Characteristics of free and impingement spray fueled with methanol, ethanol, isooctane, toluene reference fuels (TRF) and gasoline were investigated by using a Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) system with a direct injection gasoline injector. Results show that all these fuels performed a similar impingement process: a large fraction of incoming droplets adhered to the wall because of the stick and spread...
In the present study, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot particulates emitted from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were sampled and analyzed. The results show that the vapor-phase PAHs and particulate-bound PAHs exist in GDI engine exhaust emissions. Soot particles are formed by the agglomeration of the quasi-spherical primary carbon particles, and the size of the PAH cluster...
This study investigated the chemical characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot particulates emitted from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The microcosmic morphology of the soot particulate and the correlations between PAH species and the primary carbon particles were studied during dynamometer testing of different engine operating conditions using our purpose-built...
This study has investigated the hydrotreatment of bio-oil (derived from the fast pyrolysis of mallee woody biomass) in a batch reactor under 10MPa pressure with Pd/C catalyst at temperatures between 150°C and 300°C. Our results indicate that the chemical fractions, coking tendency as well as the aromatic structures are highly influenced by the hydrotreating conditions such as temperature and time...
This study has investigated the observed product distribution as a function of temperature and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) from the continuous hydrotreatment of pyrolysis bio-oil in a packed-bed catalytic reactor using a Pd/C catalyst. Our results show that, at a constant overall LHSV value, the time required to achieve a steady state formation rate varies widely among the various species...
Bio-oil cannot be directly used as biofuel mainly due to its abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. Therefore, bio-oil must be upgraded to produce high quality biofuels. As the first part of this series, this paper reports the transformation of GC-detectable light components during the hydrotreatment of bio-oil using noble-metal catalyst Pd/C over a wide range of reaction temperature (150–300°C)...
This paper reports the acid-catalysed reactions between methanol and the bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of mallee bark. The study focused on the reactions of the fatty acids, esters, furans and anhydrosugars in the bio-oil with methanol at 70–170°C in the presence of a solid acid catalyst Amberlyst 70. Under the experimental conditions employed, both simple acids and fatty acids in bio-oil could...
Acid-catalysed esterification converts organic acids in bio-oil into useful esters. However, the conditions to carry out esterification also promote the hydrolysis of anhydro-sugars in bio-oil. This paper reports the hydrolysis and glycosidation of sugars during the esterification of bio-oil using Amberlyst-70 solid acid catalyst at 70–170°C. The bio-oil was prepared from the fast pyrolysis of mallee...
Pyrolysis bio-oil contains abundant O-containing structures. Carbonyls are particularly important not only because they are abundant and exist in many forms (e.g. as acids, esters, ketones and aldehydes) but also because they are reactive and are a key consideration of bio-oil upgrading. This study aims to investigate the distribution of carbonyl groups in a variety of bio-oil samples prepared from...
This paper reports the simultaneous catalytic esterification and acetalisation of a bio-oil with methanol using a commercial Amberlyst-70 catalyst at temperatures between 70 and 170°C. The bio-oil was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee woody biomass in a fluidised-bed pyrolysis reactor under the fast heating rate conditions. Our results show that the conversion of light organic acids and aldehydes...
The effects of the ambient temperature on the firing behavior and the unregulated emissions (formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions) of electronically controlled inlet port injection spark-ignition methanol and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/methanol engines during the cold start were investigated experimentally by means of a single-cycle fuel injection strategy. The test results indicated that...
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