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In conventional human operated systems, unsafe failure of the system due to the behaviour of the operator can result in legal charges of negligence. However, if the human is replaced in the system, and a similar failure occurred, would similar charges be brought? And if so, against whom? In this paper, we review how the responsibility for correct system behaviour shifts, from the human controller...
Market forces cannot be relied upon to ensure the cyber security of safety-critical industries. Companies often lack the technical information to make informed decisions, for instance about the security of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) software. The pressures of competition also make it difficult to justify the cost of securing supply chains. Regulatory intervention can address these concerns. However,...
The increasing use of communications and computer-based technologies within vehicles and the highways network, creates both risks and opportunities. This paper examines the need to adopt a security-minded approach to the use of these new technologies in order to reduce the likelihood of them being maliciously exploited, and impacting on the safety or security: highway systems; vehicles, vehicles occupants;...
The safe and secure operation of critical national infrastructure is dependent on suitable responses to safety, security and operational priorities being integrated into Industrial Control Systems (ICS), at design stage and throughout the system life. This paper proposes a logical and structured approach to achieving this through successive consideration of the effect of decisions on pre-determined...
In 2010, the author was approached with a query from industry concerning the application of IEC 61508-7:2010 Annex D, on the statistical evaluation of software. We realised that Annex D is not a helpful guide for a number of reasons. We discuss some common assessment scenarios and their quandaries and requirements for the application of statistical methods based on Bernoulli/Poisson mathematics.
This paper seeks to describe an engineering study for accurately identifying the location of flight data recorders using the new concept of a Smart Electronic Location Flare (SELF). The paper utilises a generic maritime aviation accident sequence, where location and recovery of data are explicitly included as risk management controls against future accidents. The paper concludes with recommending...
Quantitative methods are usually preferred in safety assessment, but, frequently, necessary probabilities cannot be determined accurately. As a result, expert judgment plays a significant role in safety arguments and system deployment decisions. Trust in expert judgment is based on the assumption that the expert's experience, knowledge, and training will enable the expert to make a suitable decision...
In this paper, we present a software tool for automotive safety engineering called AVL Safety Extensions (AVL_SE). The tool is part of a software tool framework and supports a workflow for model-based system safety engineering of HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) powertrain E/E (electrical and/or electronic) systems. We focus on AVL_SE's features which allow synchronising safety requirements in the model...
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