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Due to the design and layout of the electrolytic cell production plant, electrical safety is challenging. The cells, which are connected in a series circuit creating a large layout, are powered by a 200-500 volt DC source, which is intentionally ungrounded to provide personnel and equipment protection. Detection of the first ground connection of the electrolytic cell line is critical to ensure safety...
The purpose of this paper is to educate operators, facility and design engineers about Fieldbus technology and Fieldbus communication in industrial and Petro-Chemical facilities. Fieldbus technology is a rapid growing infrastructure for automation and field control in North America and around the world. The technology is governed by standards that allow the freedom to choose and power to integrate...
The application of high-resistance neutral grounding (HRNG) to medium-voltage systems is one of the least understood and often misapplied methods of system neutral grounding. An HRNG grounded system is the only intention ally grounded neutral grounding method suitable for industrial systems that allows normal operation (no voltage dips, no power surges, no shutdowns, minimal damage) for an indefinite...
The IEC Standard 61482-1 describes procedures for measuring the thermal performance of fabrics and garments intended for use in clothing for workers exposed to electric arcs. This paper demonstrates that the tests in this standard fail to produce controlled laboratory conditions. The dominant magnetic and thermal buoyancy forces have been minimised leaving two undefined and uncontrolled forces to...
The sound emitted from industrial electric motors can adversely affect the comfort and safety of those who work in their vicinity. As such, many customers and governing agencies impose strict sound limitations on motors placed in audibly sensitive applications. This paper will explore the nature of sound data, how it is measured, and interpreted. Topics will include the decibel, differences between...
This paper will present new techniques that are advantageous to MV distribution design configurations (specifically Main-Tie-Main) for large industrial and power station installations. Sixty years of traditional low cost design approaches are re-evaluated to demonstrate that initial low capital cost misses opportunities. Many designers may not have considered the component interrelationships and/or...
Industrial electrical systems require proper installation, operation and maintenance of equipment for a facility to operate safely and efficiently. Of the many types of electrical installations, those in hazardous areas are likely the most difficult to deal with. Misunderstanding or misinterpretations can easily lead to unsafe conditions that put personnel and facilities at risk. This presentation...
Many large industrials operate internal co-generation systems to provide a substantial portion of their own power as well as to use the resulting output heat as part of their industrial process. Depending on the amount of co-generation, on loss of connection to the main grid or instability of the grid, these industrials may have the option of supplying all internal electrical loads from the co-generation...
This paper discusses factors that affect the life and durability of an induction motor. Various topics include overall construction of an induction machine and its components, field and operating conditions, motor vibration, operating temperatures, installation practice and proper motor selection for special environment and application conditions. Sound motor design, proper selection of the motor...
This paper discusses the transients associated with line-starting of squirrel-cage induction motors and potential difficulties posed by these transients. These include transient torques significantly in excess of the rated motor torque, large inrush currents and corresponding large dips in voltage. Test results are presented which illustrate these problems. The paper then discusses various techniques...
This paper presents the failure analysis and field measurements of five 7500 HP induction motors driving reciprocating compressors for a natural gas compression station. The motors were in service for less than three years when two of them suffered cooling fan failures. Four of the five motors were individually sent one at a time to a motor repair shop to be fitted with a modified cooling fan per...
Magnetic bearings offer a myriad of operational advantages and efficiency improvement over traditional oil lubricated bearings. They have been in use for the past thirty years, but for several reasons, including cost, have been limited to niche applications (such as high-speed turbomachines) that required their unique capabilities. Recent advances in the technology are making it more practical to...
Transformers play critical roles in delivering power to distribution equipment for homes, commercial establishments and industrial facilities. Sudden failure of a transformer can have many serious repercussions leading to loss of power for a few minutes to hours. There are instances an outage could last for weeks because of system configuration, such as a simple radial system or the transformer was...
Accurate and fast leak detection and leak localization are critical functions for pipelines. In addition to the economic reasons for leak detection, there are also environmental constraints. Fast acting and reliable leak detection and leak location systems that minimize false alarms and are integrated into the pipeline SCADA system provide the pipeline operators with the real-time information they...
This paper shares the authors' experiences with implementing an Electrical Network Monitoring and Control System (ENMCS) on a grassroots 400,000 bpd refinery project with approximately 250 MW of peak load. The scope of the ENMCS spans from the 380 kV primary substation to the 480 V switchgear. The project is expected to proceed into the detail design phase this year. This is a two-part paper. Part...
Most marine applications, from ships to drilling platforms, are increasingly using power electronics for motor drives and HVDC power conversion for shore to platform transmission. IEEE Working group i8 is well along in developing a standard for control/protection architecture for power electronics converters. In this digital age control/protection technology is advancing rapidly and substantial improvements...
This paper discusses a large electrical infrastructure project which replaced two main 115 kV switchyards and main 13.8 kV substations at a large petroleum refinery over a period of seven years. It details the project from conceptual development through to construction, commissioning, and cutover of existing loads to the new substations. It highlights the successful efforts the project team took to...
This paper will review the many factors involved in the successful selection and operation of medium voltage (2300 V and above) induction and synchronous motors for use in the petrochemical industry. Among these are the power requirements of the driven load, start-up and normal operating conditions, and plant power restrictions. In addition, consideration must be given to maintenance requirements,...
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