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Filozofia (Philosophy) > 2016 > 71 > 3 > 197 – 208
Philosophia > 2013 > 41 > 2 > 545-553
Philosophia > 2011 > 39 > 3 > 563-570
Etyka (Ethics) > 2006 > 39 > 72-86
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The hypothesis of psychological egoism is a commonplace in disciplines like economics, psychology, and biology. As an explanatory model it includes prosocial behaviour such as providing aid for distant strangers. But the inclusion of self‐interest in humanitarian appeals can prove difficult because the moral economy of charitable work is regulated by different standards than the liberal market economy...
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I develop a distinction between two types of psychological hedonism. Inferential hedonism (or “I-hedonism”) holds that each person only has ultimate desires regarding his or her own hedonic states (pleasure and pain). Reinforcement hedonism (or “R–hedonism”) holds that each person's ultimate desires, whatever their contents are, are differentially reinforced in that person's cognitive system only...
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Many commentators think that Hobbes was committed to psychological egoism. Psychological egoism is a theory of human psychology claiming that all human actions are ultimately motivated solely by one’s own self-interest. In this paper, the author argues that there are reasons to think that Hobbes was not committed to psychological egoism in any of its plausible formulations.
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In “Happiness Is the Wrong Metric,” Amitai Etzioni argues against the self-satisfier conception of human nature: the view that humans are exclusively motivated by a pursuit of their happiness, where happiness is defined in terms of their satisfactions. The self-satisfier conception is reductionistic and harmful in thinking about good lives, good societies, and sound social policy. In its place Etzioni...
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This paper discusses psychological hedonism with a special reference to the writings of Bishop Butler, and Elliot Sober and David Sloan Wilson. Contrary to philosophical orthodoxy, Sober and Wilson have claimed that Butler failed to refute psychological hedonism. In this paper it is argued: (1) that there is a difference between reductive and ultimate psychological hedonism; (2) that Butler failed...
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Psychological Altruism (PA) is the view that everyone, ultimately, acts altruistically all the time. I defend PA by showing strong prima facie support, and show how a reinterpretive strategy against supposed counterexamples is successful. I go on to show how PA can be argued for in ways which exactly mirror the arguments for an opposing view, Psychological Egoism. This shows that the case for PA is...
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The paper argues that Peter Singer's argument for utilitarianism is a failure, and that repairing the argument requires learning from the lesson of Rousseau and Kant. It points out that, like Singer, Rousseau's argument for the social contract comes unstuck because he cannot keep together his self-interested starting point (natural man) and his civic-minded conclusion. It then shows that Kant solved...
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