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Electric utilities continue to deploy innovative technologies in power distribution systems to reduce outage time and provide more reliable delivery of electric power. Fault location and fast service restoration are challenging in underground looped distribution feeder systems electrically separated by normally open switches. Traditional fault location detection methods are time-consuming, labor intensive,...
Power swing block and out-of-step trip relaying has been used at Southwestern Public Service Company (SPS), an operating company subsidiary of Xcel Energy Inc., for more than 50 years. SPS's unique geographic location in the extreme southwest corner of the Eastern Interconnect allows for islanding opportunities to occur due to weak interconnecting transmission lines with the rest of the Eastern Grid...
Setting transmission line relays is fairly easy to learn—but takes years to master. With the proper education, tools, and references such as company standards available, a relatively inexperienced engineer can do good work with proper supervision and review. There are many references and training programs that provide the high-level basis for protective element setting criteria. But, the concepts...
This paper is based upon a NERC report released in 2013 that claimed a dramatic rise in the annual number of misoperations—due in large part to the complexity of programming and testing numerical protection relays. This paper illustrates results discussed in the NERC report, as well as provides several interesting examples of actual misoperations and how to mitigate them.
The sharing of information, such as the root cause of misoperations and the lessons learned from those events, has long been a valuable part of the overall efforts of the power industry to improve the reliability of electric power. However, the fear of audits, noncompliance fines, competitive disadvantage, and lawsuits has injured our ability to discuss, teach, and learn. We share a responsibility...
Relay featured cognitive radio network scenario is considered in the absence of direct link between secondary user (SU) and secondary base station (S-BS). Being a realistic deployment use case scenario, relay node can be subjected to pollution attacks. Forward error correction (FEC) driven network coding (NC) method is employed as a defense mechanism in this paper. By using the proposed methods, pollution...
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) adopted for wireless factory automation demand highly reliable, robust and delay sensitive communications over an interference prone and harsh channel conditions existing in factory environments. IEEE 802.15.4e Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN) mode is the latest in IWSN standards which attempt to satisfy these requirements assuming controlled RF...
Underwater environment suffers from a number of impairments which effect reliability and integrity of data being transmitted. Cooperative transmission is well known for reliable data transfer. Hence, cooperative routing can be implemented in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) in order to reduce the impact of existing link impairments on transmitted data. Cooperative routing involves data...
Device to Device (D2D) communications provides a promising technique for 5G wireless networks, supporting higher data rates. Security of data transmission over wireless clouds could put constraints on devices; whether to cooperate or not. Therefore, our aim is to provide analytical framework for the security at the physical layer and to define the constraints embodied with cooperation in wireless...
This paper reports remarkably reliable MEMS relays having a unique two-step spring system and a heat sink insulator. The two-step spring system is designed to reduce Joule-heating by lowering contact resistance. The heat sink insulator is proposed for efficiently removing heat generated in the contact area. These two features are firstly adopted in the MEMS relay for minimizing thermal damage in high...
In this paper, we propose contribution-level-based opportunistic flooding for wireless multihop networks that achieves outstanding transmission efficiency and reliability. The predetermined relay node may fail to receive the broadcast packet owing to the inherent instability in wireless networks. On the other hand, our proposed flooding increases reliability by applying the concept of opportunistic...
Considering the inability of the existing energy resources to satisfy the current needs, the right and efficient use of the energy has become compulsory. To make energy sustainability permanent, management and planning activities should be carried out by arranging the working hours and decreasing the energy wasting. For all these, power metering, managing and controlling systems or plugs has been...
Low-Power and Lossy networks (LLNs) cover a wide scope of applications, including, but not limit to, industrial control, healthcare and building automation, which has proliferated into both industrial and academic areas in recent years. Routing plays a significant role to the overall architecture of LLNs. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is standardized by IETF to provide...
Design of energy efficient wireless networks is the primary research goal for evolving billion device applications like Internet of Things (IoT), smart grids and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Energy efficient models can reduce megawatts of power through out globe thereby reducing carbon foot print by improving overall network lifetime of large scale networks. Recent advances in physical layer have...
We investigate a cross-layer relay selection scheme based on Q-learning algorithm. For the study, we consider multi-relay adaptive decode and forward (DF) cooperative-diversity networks over multipath time-varying Rayleigh fading channels. The proposed scheme selects relay subsets that maximizes the link layer transmission efficiency without having knowledge of channel state information (CSI). Results...
Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provide a way for a vehicle to deliver various types of information to users or drivers in other vehicles. Distributing a large amount of information such as multimedia messages in a single control channel makes the control channel easily congested. Transmitting multimedia messages through multi-channel to avoid this congestion becomes a feasible solution. However,...
This paper considers the problem of intra-interference in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The problem arises mainly because each bio-sensor collects different parameters with different data rate and alternation. Another source of interference is related to normal patient movement. Proposals in the literature usually assume that the interference can be handled using time multiplexing or by listening...
Pulsed power network is proposed for reliable and low loss electrical power distribution among various type of power sources and consumers. The proposed scheme is a derivative of power packet network so far investigated that has affinity with dispersion type power sources and has manageability of energy coloring in the process of power distribution. In addition to these advantages, the proposed scheme...
We consider a two-relay network in which a source aims to communicate a confidential message to a destination while keeping the message secret from the relay nodes. In the first hop, the channels from the source to the relays are assumed to be block-fading and the channel states change arbitrarily-possibly non-stationary and non-ergodic-across blocks. When the relay feedback on the states of the source-to-relay...
This paper considers reliable multihop transmission under routing attacks, where a malicious relay can modify or drop a packet as it is being forwarded to the destination. We propose a transmission scheme that detects malicious nodes launching routing attacks through incorporating diversity over multi-layer relays, where each relay can establish a direct connection with relays at preceding and succeeding...
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