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Wireless Sensor Networks consist of nodes which are deployed over the field to gather useful information and send the required data to the base station for further processing. In WSNs, nodes have limited power and shorter lifetime so, it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient manner and enhance the lifetime of the network. Ant Colony Optimization, a Swarm Intelligence based...
In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the nodes are used to detect and locate various events over wide areas. The nodes communicate among themselves using wireless connectivity. The data is gathered by the nodes and the same is forwarded using multi-hop wireless links towards the base station. These tiny nodes are supported by very limited computational and energy resources. In flat topology, the nodes...
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), routing is a challenging task due to traffic and network size. To route the number of packets in WSN, the idea is to consider about Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). The first hybrid routing protocol having proactive and reactive features was ZRP. Reconfigurable Wireless Networks has an ability to reconstruct its networks if network crash takes place and ZRP follow, highly...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the emerging technological fields due to recent advancements and area of research. The WSN is collection small sensor nodes, which are battery driven and have very less power. Recent research area of WSN focuses on energy consumption, routing, QoS, bandwidth, packet loss etc. This paper focuses on comparative analysis among various existing routing protocols...
This paper proposed a EELP (Energy Efficient LEACH Protocol) routing protocol based on LEACH. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is seminal work in the area of clustering-based protocol, proposed by W.B. Heinzelman. In EELP, all nodes are organized sequentially in the rooms of the apartments of a multi-story building. In this protocol, cluster head (CH) selection is determined as the...
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. By reducing the energy consumption of each node frequent node failure can be minimized which in turn increase the lifetime of the network. Among various techniques, clustering is a key technique for extension of network lifetime by reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, we focused on simulation...
In a wireless sensor network (WSN), sensor nodes are powered by batteries that can operate for only a short period of time, which results in short network lifetime. The short lifetime disables the application of WSNs for long term tasks such as structural health monitoring for bridges and tunnels, border surveillance, road condition monitoring, etc. In this paper the overall network lifetime is increased...
A wireless sensor network is a group of network nodes which collaborate with each other in a sophisticated fashion. It is built of nodes from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. In WSN, Second layer of the OSI reference layer is a data link layer which has a sub layer of Medium Access Control. The choice of Medium Access...
The application areas of wireless sensor network often suffered from the threat of limited energy resources. The potentiality of the applications is directly dependent on the number of active sensor nodes are available within the sensor network. Maximizing the lifetime of the sensor nodes is the ultimate way to improve the lifetime of the entire sensor network. Considering mobile sink node raises...
The ZigBee tree routing is widely used in many resource-limited devices and applications, since it does not require any routing table and route discovery overhead to send a packet to the destination. However, the ZigBee tree routing has the fundamental limitation that a packet follows the tree topology; thus, it cannot provide the optimal routing path. In this paper, we propose the shortcut tree routing...
This paper investigates the best way for representing wireless sensor networks using various topologies of ZigBee. The use of coordination with such networks was investigated together with coordinator load. The investigation has been achieved via the use of different scenarios in the OPNET Modeler simulator. The simulation study investigates the use of coordination with star routing, mesh routing...
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) hundreds of tiny sensors with limited resources are accommodated to sense the information from the field. Transfer of gathered information from the sensing field to the base station must be done in proficiently to sustain the network longer. Clustering of sensor nodes is one way to achieve this goal. This paper introduces an Energy Efficient clustered routing protocol...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are resource-constrained networks that have been applied in many applications. Many researchers have presented routing protocols to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. In this paper we present a Dynamic Load Balancing Protocol (DLBP) that exploits all network nodes to achieve load balancing and prolong the lifetime of WSN. DLBP has succeeded to build a load balanced tree,...
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most emerging technology which consists of large number of sensor nodes with each having the capacity to sense, compute and communicate the data. WSN has great deal of applications in various fields like military, agriculture, industry healthcare etc. Sensor nodes are randomly and densely deployed. This kind of deployment creates large number of redundant...
Generally, the energy of the wireless sensor network (WSN) is powered by limited and portable batteries. Since there is a great challenge along with the increasing demands in sensor networks for multimedia applications, using renewable energy in WSNs becomes essential. In this paper, the nodes in WSN generate renewable energy used for routing and sensing by solar panel and the energy-efficient routing...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the vast area and developing very speedily now-a-days. This paper gives some of the major applications and critical limitations of WSNs like power and lifespan, communication bandwidth, memory size. Sensor nodes are working by node energy so the energy consumption is the essential issue in WSN. Routing in WSN consumes more energy than any other phase. Various routing...
The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the emerging routing standards for multihop Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). RPL is based on the construction of a Destination-Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG), which offers a loop-free topology to route data packets. While several routing metrics have been proposed in the literature, it is unclear how they perform with...
Researchers and manufacturers are currently putting a lot of efforts to design, improve and deploy the Internet of Things, involving a significant number of constrained and low cost embedded devices deployed in large scales with low power consumption, low bandwidth and limited communication range. For instance we can easily build a network composed by multiple sensors distributed in a building in...
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of small sensor nodes capable of sensing (collecting), processing and transmitting data related to some phenomenon in the environment. The sensor nodes have severe constraints, such as: limited power supply, low network bandwidth, short wireless communication range, and limited CPU processing and memory storage. Communication in WSN consumes more energy...
Public sensing is an application in which sensory systems embedded in smart devices, vehicles, residential and public spaces form a collective cloud of data sources from which multi-owned access points realize end-users' service requests. This conception can be further extended under the umbrella of integrated RFID-Sensor Networks (RSNs) to include RFID systems. Such a configuration is heterogeneous...
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