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Visual words of Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) framework are independent each other, which results in not only discarding spatial orders between visual words but also lacking semantic information. This study is inspired by word embeddings that a similar embedding procedure is applied to a large number of visual words. By this way, the corresponding embedding vectors of the visual words can be formulated...
This paper presents a new way for keyword spotting in degraded imaged document. Two prevalent word indexing, OCR and word shape coding, are combined compactly based on the recognition confidence evaluation. The basic procedures are as follows. First, OCR candidates are used for OCR indexing. Second, a new stoke
With large databases of document images available,a method for users to find keywords in documents will be useful. One approach is to perform Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on each document followed by indexing of the resulting text. However, if the quality of the document is poor or time is critical,complete OCR
This paper proposes a Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) based approach for keyword spotting on the Mongolian historical document images. In this paper, the first step is dividing the scanned Mongolian historical document images into word images by some preprocessing steps, such as connected component analysis, binarization
A method for locating mathematical expressions in document images without the use of optical character recognition is presented. An index of document regions is produced from recursive X-Y trees produced for each page in the corpus. Queries are provided as images of handwritten expressions, for which an X-Y tree is computed. During retrieval, the query is looked up in the document region index using...
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