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This study is the first to calculate the size and development of the informal/shadow economies in the agricultural sector for 15 “old” EU countries over 1996–2019. The multiple indicators multiple causes model was used for the estimation of levels and development of informal economies of these countries. The results show higher levels of informal economies in agriculture compared with those in the...
We examine the dynamics and spatial determinants of land change in India by integrating decadal land cover maps (1985–1995–2005) from a wall-to-wall analysis of Landsat images with spatiotemporal socioeconomic database for ~630,000 villages in India. We reinforce our results through collective evidence from synthesis of 102 case studies that incorporate field knowledge of the causes of land change...
Civil Finance has existed in China for a long time. For the last two decades, it is a focus in the financial deepening and the financial theory development. Whether to develop or restrain the civil finance remains a key issue in the healthy development of economy, financial system and financial market. This paper anaylzes the causes of civil finance and its impact on the economy. On this basis of...
Dust storm in arid and semi-arid areas of Asia is an important problem because it affects people's living conditions deeply in many countries during every spring. In this case study, the trend and characteristics of dust storm occurrence from 1960 to 2001 in northern China, as well as the connection between dust storm occurrence and some causes such as common land surface properties and human activities...
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