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The rapid development in batteries chemistry and technology allows preparing the lithium or Ni-MH cells with energy density over 360 kJ/kg. Plug-in hybrid vehicle PHEV mass production is prepared with operating range up to 100 km and for longer trips the engine-generator running at optimal efficiency supplies with constant power battery and motor. The supercapacitor SC gives better dynamics and efficiency...
Global warming is a scientifically proven fact. Much of the temperature rise on the surface of the globe has been caused by human activity. That is why several years' efforts are aimed at reducing of CO2 emissions, related to the human activities. Major sources of CO2 emissions include electricity production from fossil fuels, transport sector and intensive agriculture. Cutting down forests also contributes...
In the last few decades, energy storage systems (ESS) have become a major research area in electric, hybrid-electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs) [1]. ESS mainly consists of a battery and ultra-capacitor (UC) connected together to build a system with high energy and power that can provide a high speed and acceleration for EVs. Major characteristics of ESS systems are...
In this paper, a semi-empirical Lithium-iron phosphate-graphite battery aging model is identified over data mimicking actual cycling conditions that a hybrid electric vehicle battery encounters under real driving scenarios. The aging model is then used to construct the severity factor map, used to characterize relative aging of the battery under different operating conditions. This is used as a battery...
Progression in renewable energy and hybrid electric vehicles in recent years has accelerated the growth of storage in these sectors. The new concept of hybridized battery supercapacitor storage has been subject to this growth but its practicality is still in question. The hybrid battery supercapacitor storage system is critically reviewed and compared with the well-established battery storage system...
This paper presents a hybrid batteries/ultra-capacitors energy storage system used for vehicular applications. A main DC-DC topology is a bi-directional buck-boost converter which is employed to control power flow between batteries, UC and load (traction system). An extra switch is added in series with UC to partially control the power. A simple control method is applied to the key topology. The validation...
A ‘Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Engine Vehicle’ is a vehicle which works on electrical poweras well as fuel like petrol. It has many benefits over its predecessors, which developed power using only fuel. The thought is to design and construct a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) powered by battery as well as petrol. The vehicle is made dynamic in nature by making use of electrical power from battery and fuel...
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology is an effective and efficient alternative for conventional vehicles. It provides fuel efficiency, reduces harmful emission and enhances performance. The technology has gain enormous attention because of depleting conventional resources and measured carbon emission. This paper proposes a bidirectional buck boost converter with interleaved control, which minimizes...
Due to the short cycle life and small power density of battery in energy storage system for Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), introduce the ultracapacitor as a solution, and design a hybrid energy storage system (HES) which combines the battery and ultracapacitor, so the HES made the best of characteristics of high energy density of battery and high power density of ultracapacitor. Firstly, study on...
This paper presents a study of different converter topologies used in the design of hybrid electric vehicle drivetrains with emphasis on the power electronic interface for a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage pack. Each of the topologies proposed in literature has its own advantages and disadvantages, thus choosing an appropriate topology depends greatly on the specified application, design...
This paper presents a control strategy scheme based on frequency-separation for Fuel cell-Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), using a Fuel cell (FC) as a main energy source, and a battery as an auxiliary power source. First, an analysis of hybrid architecture using an FC and batteries for automotive applications is presented. Next, the model and the control strategy are described. In this strategy...
This paper will inform the reader on two areas of research and development that QinetiQ is active in: (1) Off-road hybrid-electric vehicle powertrains The first section will describe the technical challenges associated with designing powertrains for off-road vehicles with military levels of performance - involving extremely high levels of torque and, in the case of tracked vehicles, exceptionally...
In 2014 a new powertrain specification was introduced in to Formula 1. This new specification changed the internal combustion engine to be a 1.6 litre V6 turbocharged spark ignition engine with increased use of Energy Recovery Systems (ERS) in the form of crank and turbo-shaft motor generators, battery and associated cooling and controllers. Fuel flow limits and a limit on the total amount of fuel...
Modern transport sector heavily relies on internal combustion (IC) engine based vehicles and depends on fossil fuels as a source of energy to propel the vehicles. These vehicles add on environmental and human health issues due to the emitted toxic gases. Apace usage of fossil fuels results in rapid depletion of these resources and price inflammation; it stimulates to find alternatives in transportation...
This paper examines the state-of-the-art and trends in vehicle concept as well as key technology development in the context of electric mobility in a time frame from 2002 until 2012. Thus, an extensive vehicle concept database was designed, covering detailed technical specifications of more than 200 electrified vehicles in 3 different world regions, also considering different stages in vehicle development...
The main goal of this survey [1] is to forecast the worldwide Hybrid Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in (PHEV) & Electric Vehicle (EV) market and its impact on the Battery Business (Lead acid, NiMH and Lithium ion batteries). In 8 years, from 2004 to 2012, the Hybrid Vehicle market increased from 165 000 to more than 1.5 million vehicles sold and stop/start car sales achieved 9 Million in 2012 [2]. With the...
One of the key components of every Electric Vehicle (EV)/Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the Energy Storage System (ESS). The most widely-used ESS in electric drivetrains is based on batteries. As the specific power of batteries is normally low, they are hybridized with high-specific power storage elements such as ultra-capacitors in a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) to meet harsh power requirements...
In this research paper a conventional and a power split hybrid vehicle drive train are simulated and modeled in Autonomie for comparative analysis between the two motioned types of vehicles. For this purpose both types of vehicles are analyzed for two different types of cycles, namely, UDDS Cycle and HWFET cycle. The initial results of the analysis clearly shows that the fuel is used more efficiently...
This paper proposes a parallel energy-sharing configuration of energy management control for fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) application. The hybrid energy source consists of fuel cells (FCs) and energy storage units (ESUs) made up of battery pack and ultracapacitor (UC) module. The aim of the control is to regulate the DC link voltage, which is connected to the traction DC motor via the h-bridge...
This paper proposes a novel zero voltage transition (ZVT) auxiliary circuit applied to a bidirectional converter for interface circuit between ultracapacitors or batteries with DC bus in electric vehicle (EV), fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This auxiliary circuit provides almost soft switching condition for all switching elements while the control circuit remains...
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