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Tensile testing of sheet metals shows that both the orientation of the testpiece in the plane of the sheet and the degree of rolling reduction can influence the R-value. To explain this a quadratic and a cubic yield function are adapted to published results for a number of sheet metals. The cubic function can reproduce every dependence of R upon orientation as found from off-axis tensile tests. ...
An approximate yield criterion (Eq. (40)) for voided nonlinear materials is proposed in which the effect of material hardening is directly included. The matrix is assumed to be a power-law material and approximate velocity fields for the matrix are employed to derive the yield function. Analysis indicates that the shape of yield surface in stress space expands along with increasing strain-hardening...
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