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Due to climate change and scarcity of water reservoirs, monitoring and control of irrigation systems is now becoming a major focal area for researchers in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are rapidly finding their way in the field of irrigation and play the key role as data gathering technology in the domain of IoT and CPS. They are efficient for reliable monitoring, giving...
WSNs are composed of sensors that collect, process, and send data to a sink. To communicate, sensors use a shared medium. Thus, a robust MAC layer protocol has to be implemented for transmission management. This paper presents a QoS based WSNs MAC protocol that ensures service differentiation and less energy consumption. It is based on a duty-cycle approach that combines TDMA and CSMA/CA schemes....
The ZIGBEE standard is one of the basal elucidation protocol proposed for wireless sensor networks. The protocol describes a flexible MAC layer layout to meet a variety of applications. Since WSN is pertinence-specific it is very termitable to provide a generic explication for all type of applications and topologies. Network inaccessibility is a sensual affair derived from the subsistence of fault...
Time Synchronized Channel Hopping protocol (TSCH) belongs to the new low-power MAC protocols included in IEEE 802.15.4e with better properties as a multihop network in industrial applications. An open issue in the standard is how to build and maintain the communication schedule. In this paper we have implemented a minimal recommended configuration and tested it against one proposed centralized scheduling...
Wireless Sensor Network is utilized as a part of numerous applications like defense application, surrounding observing, traffic, security, modern detecting, smart homes, computing framework security, etc. In each utilization of wireless sensor network energy is the scare assets of nodes. It drains more energy in transmissions and processing. For the purpose of conserving node's energy round robin...
In this paper a novel synchronization method for wireless sensor networks with star topology is presented. We address timing synchronization using low frequency real-time clocks in all nodes. A beacon-driven TDMA-protocol for bidirectional node/base communication is used. Between the beacons, which are sent by the base station, lie the superframe time intervals to handle data transmission from node...
Energy efficient routing is the paramount point of significance in any wireless sensor network (WSN) so that the network sustains without any human intervention. Various energy efficient protocols have been proposed, multi-level Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) being one among these. The multi-level LEACH protocol involves election of cluster heads at various hierarchical levels. If...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise of large number of sensor nodes, which sense and measure various physical phenomena related parameters and transmit the measured data towards the base station by making use of the neighbouring nodes acting as relay nodes. In order to extend the lifetime of a WSN application, it is necessary to distribute the energy dissipated among the nodes evenly in the network...
Time synchronisation plays an important role in time division multiple access (TDMA) wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Existing time synchronisation methods suffer from cumulative time error and the imbalance of time synchronisation precision, and those factors bring fluctuations to nodes’ time and will become worse with the increase of hops, inducing more unstable communication links for sensor nodes...
In this paper, we propose a time division method to solve the congestion control problem for an event-driven sensor network. In this method, a node adjusts time (therefore bandwidth) assigned to each upstream node by a dynamic TDMA approach to efficiently use resources available to the system and avoid the situation in which a node cannot send event information to the BS on time through the insufficiently...
Clustering is an efficient topology control approach for maximizing the lifetime and scalability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many cluster-based routing techniques have been proposed in the literature. However, in most of the proposed protocols, the communication between a sensor node and its designated cluster head (CH) is assumed to be single-hop. Multi-hop communication can be used when...
The requirement for operation with low energy consumption is one of the major constraints that guide the design of routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) because each node is powered by a limited and generally an irreplaceable source of energy. In this context, we would like to propose a new protocol which respects the energy constraints, nodes' life duration and packets reception. This...
The deployment of Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) must be done with some kind of advanced techniques so that it can mitigate the energy constraints. An existing, clustered-based routing protocol known as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) was studied, the outcome is an improved algorithm based on LEACH. The performance of these algorithms was studied through simulations using OMNeT++. In...
Wireless sensor networks enable the development and implementation of a wide range of applications related to home automation, environmental, safety, health, industrial environments and monitoring. However, there are still some application areas that have not been addressed efficiently, such as wireless sensor networks capable of operating in noisy environments. These operating conditions adversely...
The set of different sensor nodes randomly deployed in sensor area to capture the environmental changes. Sensor nodes are working with specific routing and MAC Protocols in the network. Performance of the network is depends upon the network traffic and congestion in the network. Throughput, latency, loss ratio, delivery ratio, energy consumption, reliability are the QoS of the sensor network that...
Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology that is designed to support all types of applications. The energy constrained sensor nodes in sensor networks operate on limited batteries, so it is a very important issue to reduce energy. IEEE 802.15.4 is the best choice for the implementation of wireless sensor network. But, in high load conditions due to congestion, energy consumption is increased...
Wireless Sensor Nodes often need to store or cache measurement or operational data into some non-volatile memory. Many applications using low power sensor nodes are based on Contiki, which provides the COFFEE file system for data storage. As COFFEE introduces occasional long and hard to predict write delays, it can not be used in applications which have real time demands, such as sensor networks operating...
Wireless sensor networks are widely used for healthcare applications. A new field known as wireless body area networks (WBAN) has emerged to support this area. An energy efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol can increase the performance of such a network. The major requirements for a WBAN MAC protocol are energy efficiency and low delay. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol for WBAN using...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been widely used in many important areas. MAC protocols have a significant effect on the function of WSN. This paper introduced various important MAC protocols, analyzed the fundamental mechanism of each MAC protocol in details, and compared the characteristics and performances of each MAC protocol. Finally, the future research strategies and trends of MAC protocols...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have appealed to researchers due to their wide range of application areas such as target detection and tracking, environment monitoring, and tactical systems. For WSNs, various medium access control (MAC) protocols with different objectives have been proposed. Designing energy-efficient MAC protocols has a significant influence on the network lifetime in WSNs. However,...
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