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History discourses and reconciliation process in post-Suharto IndonesiaAfter periods of internal conflicts and authoritarianism, educational institutions often have to be reformed. However, in countries where education has been used to support repressive politics and violations of human rights, or when conflicts and abuse have resulted in a loss of educational opportunities, a traumatic past and the...
Pancasila refers to the five rules which constitute the philosophical basis for the functioning of the “imagined nation” of Indonesia, announced on 1 June 1945 by Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia. From the very beginning, Pancasila aroused great emotions and was subjected to various interpretations. The ways in which it was understood as the fundaments of the state also varied many times...
Pancasila to pięć zasad, stanowiących filozoficzną podstawę funkcjonowania Indonezji, „narodu wyobrażonego”, ogłoszonych 1 czerwca 1945 r. przez pierwszego prezydenta Indonezji, Sukarno. Od samego początku Pancasila budziła wielkie emocje, była poddawana przeróżnym interpretacjom, także sposoby jej rozumienia jako fundamentu państwa zmieniały się wielokrotnie od 1945 roku. I choć była nieraz poddawana...
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