Journal of Ecology

Items from 1 to 20 out of 2,743 results

article

An idealized model for tree–grass coexistence in savannas: the role of life stage structure and fire disturbances

Mara Baudena, Fabio D’Andrea, A. Provenzale

1. We discuss a simple implicit‐space model for the competition of trees and grasses in an idealized savanna environment. The model represents patch occupancy dynamics within the habitat and introduces life stage structure in the tree population, namely adults and seedlings. A tree can be out‐competed by grasses only as long as it is a seedling. 2. The model is able to predict grassland, forest, savanna...

article

Can life‐history traits predict the response of forb populations to changes in climate variability?

Harmony J. Dalgleish, David N. Koons, Peter B. Adler

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 209 - 217

1. Climate change will cause changes in average temperature and precipitation as well as increased fluctuations around the mean, yet few studies have considered the impacts of altered climate variability on plant populations. We tested whether life‐history traits (expected life span, generation time and seed size) can predict plant responses to increased environmental variability across similar plant...

article

Cheatgrass facilitates spillover of a seed bank pathogen onto native grass species

Julie Beckstead, Susan E. Meyer, Brian M. Connolly, Michael B. Huck, more

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 168 - 177

1. Pathogen spillover occurs when disease levels for a given population are driven by transmission from a reservoir species that carries a high pathogen load. Pathogen spillover is widely documented in crop systems, but has been little studied in natural plant communities. 2. The abundant seed production of weedy species may create a scenario where spillover of a generalist seed pathogen onto less...

article

Explaining hydrological niches: the decisive role of below‐ground competition in two closely related Senecio species

Maik Bartelheimer, David Gowing, Jonathan Silvertown

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 126 - 136

1. Evidence from plant‐community structure suggests that niche segregation between plant species is widespread, but the mechanisms are still generally obscure. We used experimental mesocosms to investigate the role of above‐ and below‐ground competition in defining the distinct niche distributions of two Senecio species that separate along a water‐table gradient in meadow habitats. In a target‐border...

article

Drivers of lowland rain forest community assembly, species diversity and forest structure on islands in the tropical South Pacific

Gunnar Keppel, Yvonne M. Buckley, Hugh P. Possingham

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 87 - 95

1. Testing the comparative strength and influence of age and area of islands, proximity of source propagules and disturbances on community assembly, species diversity and vegetation structure has proved difficult at large scales. The little‐studied rain forests in the Tropical South Pacific (TSP) provide a unique study area to investigate determinants of community dynamics, with islands varying in...

article

Effects of patch size and density on flower visitation and seed set of wild plants: a pan‐European approach

Jens Dauber, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Doreen Gabriel, William E. Kunin, more

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 188 - 196

1. Habitat fragmentation can affect pollinator and plant population structure in terms of species composition, abundance, area covered and density of flowering plants. This, in turn, may affect pollinator visitation frequency, pollen deposition, seed set and plant fitness. 2. A reduction in the quantity of flower visits can be coupled with a reduction in the quality of pollination service and hence...

article

Measuring the importance of competition: a new formulation of the problem

Christian Damgaard, Adeline Fayolle

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 1 - 6

1. Currently, there is a debate among plant ecologists on the concepts of the intensity of competition and the importance of competition, which is central to many issues of modern plant population ecology and plant community ecology. 2. It is problematic that the current measures of intensity and importance of competition, typically, are reported as dimensionless indices because they hide the fact...

article

Variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization modifies the expression of tolerance to above‐ground defoliation

Etzel Garrido, Alison E. Bennett, Juan Fornoni, Sharon Y. Strauss

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 43 - 49

1. Plant association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been considered a factor increasing plant tolerance to herbivory. However, this positive effect could decrease with colonization density if the benefit : cost ratio of the AMF–plant association changes. We measured plant performance and tolerance to defoliation across a gradient of commercial AMF (Glomus sp.) inoculum concentration....

article

Do linear landscape elements in farmland act as biological corridors for pollen dispersal?

Anja Van Geert, Fabienne Van Rossum, Ludwig Triest

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 178 - 187

1. Habitat fragmentation in agricultural landscapes has reduced the population sizes of many plant species while increasing their spatial isolation. Restoration or maintenance of the connectivity by gene flow between the fragmented patches may be determinant to sustaining viable populations, especially for insect‐pollinated species. Functional biological corridors facilitating pollen flow between...

article

Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA

Dennis C. Odion, Max A. Moritz, Dominick A. DellaSala

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 96 - 105

1. The earliest examples of alternative community states in the literature appear to be descriptions of natural vegetation said to both depend on and promote fire. Nonetheless, alternative community states determined by fire have rarely been documented at landscape scales and in natural vegetation. This is because spatial autocorrelation may confound analyses, experimental manipulations are difficult...

article

Hybridization dynamics of invasive cattail (Typhaceae) stands in the Western Great Lakes Region of North America: a molecular analysis

Steven E. Travis, Joy E. Marburger, Steve Windels, Barbora Kubátová

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 7 - 16

1. By increasing vigour and broadening ecological tolerances, hybridization between native and introduced species may serve as a primary driver of invasiveness. 2. Cattails (Typha, Typhaceae) are clonal wetland graminoids that are known to hybridize where anthropogenic influences have resulted in distributional overlap. 3. In order to gauge the relative performance of hybrid vs. pure Typha, we characterized...

article

Direct trade‐off between cyanogenesis and resistance to a fungal pathogen in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Daniel J. Ballhorn, Andrea Pietrowski, Reinhard Lieberei

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 226 - 236

1. Plants are simultaneously attacked by multiple herbivores and pathogens. While some plant defences act synergistically, others trade‐off against each other. Such trade‐offs among resistances to herbivores and pathogens are usually explained by the costs of resistance, i.e. resource limitations compromising a plant’s overall defence. 2. Here, we demonstrate that trade‐offs can also result from direct...

article

Native and exotic invasive plants have fundamentally similar carbon capture strategies

Michelle R. Leishman, Vivien P. Thomson, Julia Cooke

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 28 - 42

1. Leaf trait relationships of native and exotic invasive species from a range of habitats were compared to assess consistency across habitats and the role of disturbance. 2. One hundred and twenty‐two native and exotic species were sampled in five habitats in eastern Australia. Specific leaf area, foliar nitrogen (N_mass), assimilation rate (A_mass) and dark respiration (R_mass) were measured for each...

article

Shifts in species and phylogenetic diversity between sapling and tree communities indicate negative density dependence in a lowland rain forest

Mailyn A. Gonzalez, Aurélien Roger, Elodie A. Courtois, Franck Jabot, more

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 137 - 146

1. As trees in a given cohort progress through ontogeny, many individuals die. This risk of mortality is unevenly distributed across species because of many processes such as habitat filtering, interspecific competition and negative density dependence. Here, we predict and test the patterns that such ecological processes should inscribe on both species and phylogenetic diversity as plants recruit...

article

Plant genetic diversity yields increased plant productivity and herbivore performance

Agnieszka M. Kotowska, James F. Cahill Jr, B. Andrew Keddie

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 237 - 245

1. Plant genotypic diversity has important consequences for a variety of ecosystem processes, yet empirical evidence for its effects on productivity, one of the most fundamental of these processes, is lacking. In addition, the performance of insect herbivores in response to high genotypic diversity is unknown, despite previous work demonstrating differential herbivore performance among plant genotypes...

article

The ecological engineering impact of a single tree species on the soil microbial community

Ruth J. Mitchell, Colin D. Campbell, Stephen J. Chapman, Clare M. Cameron

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 50 - 61

1. Ecosystem engineering by a single species can have a cascading effect on many ecosystem processes. While the impact of above‐ground ecological engineers on soil chemical properties has been studied, few studies have assessed their impact on the soil microbial community, which is largely responsible for many ecosystem functions. 2. Utilizing a long‐term experiment where birch was planted on heather...

article

Functional traits of alien plants across contrasting climatic and land‐use regimes: do aliens join the locals or try harder than them?

Paula A. Tecco, Sandra Díaz, Marcelo Cabido, Carlos Urcelay

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 17 - 27

1 Two main views have been put forward to explain whether coexisting alien and resident plant species should show converging or diverging functional attributes. According to the ‘try‐harder’ hypothesis, successful aliens should differ from resident species with traits that allow them to deal better with the local conditions than resident species. On the other hand, the ‘join‐the‐locals’ hypothesis...

article

Gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies

Johan Asplund, Per Larsson, Steinar Vatne, Yngvar Gauslaa

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 218 - 225

1. Species composition and biomass of epiphytic lichens varies along a complex environmental gradient from the ground to the top of the forest canopy. It is not known if this gradient, considered to be shaped by succession (age of bark surface) and climatic factors, is also influenced by invertebrate grazing. 2. To investigate the grazing hypothesis, the natural height ranges of four old‐forest Lobaria...

article

Growth of N₂‐fixing African savanna Acacia species is constrained by below‐ground competition with grass

Michael D. Cramer, An Van Cauter, William J. Bond

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 156 - 167

1. The coexistence of leguminous trees and C₄ grasses in many African savannas forces competition between these two distinct plant life‐forms. The nature of tree–grass coexistence and the consequent competition for resources remains poorly understood. 2. We hypothesized that grass suppression of tree seedling growth was due to competition for N in plants not capable of fixing N₂ and due to the costs...

article

Response of the prairie–forest border to climate change: impacts of increasing drought may be mitigated by increasing CO₂

Peter H. Wyckoff, Rachel Bowers

Journal of Ecology > 98 > 1 > 197 - 208

1.Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak) is the dominant tree species along much of the prairie–forest border in the northern‐central United States, and movement of Q. macrocarpa in response to climate change may determine the rate at which the prairie–forest ecotone shifts. To investigate likely controls over Q. macrocarpa performance at the edge of its range, we used tree rings to establish the links between...

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CLIMATE CHANGE (251)
DETERMINANTS OF PLANT COMMUNITY DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE (185)
FUNCTIONAL TRAITS (165)
PLANT POPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS (161)
PLANT–HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS (160)
PLANT–SOIL (BELOW‐GROUND) INTERACTIONS (151)
COMPETITION (150)
HERBIVORY (142)
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BIODIVERSITY (106)
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INVASION ECOLOGY (101)
COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY (100)
DROUGHT (91)
FACILITATION (91)
ECOPHYSIOLOGY (79)
DISPERSAL (72)
DISTURBANCE (70)
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY (67)
NITROGEN (65)
SPECIES RICHNESS (65)
GERMINATION (63)
PHENOLOGY (56)
GLOBAL CHANGE ECOLOGY (55)
REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY (55)
MYCORRHIZA (53)
CONSERVATION (50)
PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE‐HISTORY TRAITS (49)
SEED DISPERSAL (49)
PRODUCTIVITY (48)
COEXISTENCE (47)
DIVERSITY (47)
GLOBAL CHANGE (47)
TROPICAL FOREST (46)
DEMOGRAPHY (45)
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY (45)
ENVIRONMENTAL FILTERING (43)
CLIMATE (42)
POLLINATION (42)
RESILIENCE (42)
SUCCESSION (42)
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION (41)
PHOSPHORUS (41)
FIRE (40)
GEOGRAPHICAL AND ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION (39)
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY (38)
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING (37)
PLANT–SOIL INTERACTIONS (37)
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION (36)
MUTUALISM (36)
PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS (36)
GRASSLAND (34)
COMMUNITIES (33)
PLANT–SOIL FEEDBACK (32)
GRASSLANDS (31)
LOCAL ADAPTATION (31)
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI (30)
GRAZING (30)
TEMPERATURE (30)
AQUATIC PLANT ECOLOGY (29)
DENSITY DEPENDENCE (29)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (29)
PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY (29)
SPECIFIC LEAF AREA (29)
BIOTIC INTERACTIONS (28)
INVASIVE SPECIES (28)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (28)
RESISTANCE (28)
DECOMPOSITION (27)
SPECIES COEXISTENCE (27)
FUNGI (26)
PLANT TRAITS (26)
POPULATION DYNAMICS (26)
CLIMATIC LIMITATION (25)
GROWTH (25)
PALAEOECOLOGY AND LAND‐USE HISTORY (25)
FOREST (24)
INVASION (24)
SPECIES INTERACTIONS (24)
BOREAL FOREST (23)
PRECIPITATION (23)
STABLE ISOTOPES (23)
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY (22)
FERTILIZATION (22)
LITTER DECOMPOSITION (22)
MORTALITY (22)
NICHE DIFFERENTIATION (22)
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL (22)
PLANT DIVERSITY (22)
SOIL NUTRIENTS (22)
BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS (21)
CARBON (21)
FUNCTIONAL TRAIT (21)
INTEGRAL PROJECTION MODEL (21)
LIFE HISTORY (21)
NUTRIENT CYCLING (21)
SPECIES DIVERSITY (21)
BACTERIA (20)
BETA DIVERSITY (20)
DISPERSAL LIMITATION (20)
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Journal of Ecology

An idealized model for tree–grass coexistence in savannas: the role of life stage structure and fire disturbances

Can life‐history traits predict the response of forb populations to changes in climate variability?

Cheatgrass facilitates spillover of a seed bank pathogen onto native grass species

Explaining hydrological niches: the decisive role of below‐ground competition in two closely related Senecio species

Drivers of lowland rain forest community assembly, species diversity and forest structure on islands in the tropical South Pacific

Effects of patch size and density on flower visitation and seed set of wild plants: a pan‐European approach

Measuring the importance of competition: a new formulation of the problem

Variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization modifies the expression of tolerance to above‐ground defoliation

Do linear landscape elements in farmland act as biological corridors for pollen dispersal?

Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA

Hybridization dynamics of invasive cattail (Typhaceae) stands in the Western Great Lakes Region of North America: a molecular analysis

Direct trade‐off between cyanogenesis and resistance to a fungal pathogen in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Native and exotic invasive plants have fundamentally similar carbon capture strategies

Shifts in species and phylogenetic diversity between sapling and tree communities indicate negative density dependence in a lowland rain forest

Plant genetic diversity yields increased plant productivity and herbivore performance

The ecological engineering impact of a single tree species on the soil microbial community

Functional traits of alien plants across contrasting climatic and land‐use regimes: do aliens join the locals or try harder than them?

Gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies

Growth of N₂‐fixing African savanna Acacia species is constrained by below‐ground competition with grass

Response of the prairie–forest border to climate change: impacts of increasing drought may be mitigated by increasing CO₂

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