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The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is a well defined migratory pathway for precursors of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons. Throughout the RMS an intense astroglial matrix surrounds the migratory cells. However, it is not clear to what extent the astroglial matrix participates in migration. Here, we have analyzed the migratory behavior of neuroblasts cultured on monolayers of astrocytes isolated from...
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are located in the subventricular zone (SVZ), a specialized brain niche located on the walls of the lateral ventricle. Under physiological conditions, NSCs generate a large number of young neurons and some oligodendrocytes, however the mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and migration are unclear. In vitro, epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling has been shown...
Glial progenitors in the white matter and the subventricular zone are the major population of cycling cells in the postnatal central nervous system, and thought to be candidates for glioma‐initiating cells. However, less is known about the dividing cell populations in the brainstem than those in the cerebrum, leading to the lag of basic understanding of brainstem gliomas. We herein demonstrate much...
In contrast to ependymal cells located above the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult lateral ventricle wall (LVW), adult spinal cord (SC) ependymal cells possess certain neural stem cell characteristics. The molecular basis of this difference is unknown. In this study, antibodies against multiple cell surface markers were applied to isolate pure populations of SC and LVW ependymal cells, which...
The laminin family of extracellular matrix proteins are expressed broadly during embryonic brain development, but are enriched at ventricular and pial surfaces where laminins mediate radial glial attachment during corticogenesis. In the adult brain, however, laminin distribution is restricted, yet is found within the vascular basal lamina and associated fractones of the ventricular zone (VZ)‐subventricular...
FGF2 is considered a key factor in the generation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) derived from neural stem cells (NSCs) located within the subventricular zone (SVZ). Here, we have examined FGF2 signaling in the forebrain of postnatal and adult mice. Using qPCR of microdissected microdomains of the dorsal SVZ (dSVZ) and lateral SVZ (lSVZ), and prominin1‐sorted NSCs purified from these microdomains, we show...
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a G‐actin sequestering peptide, increases oligodendrogenesis and improves functional outcome in models of neurological injury. The molecular mechanisms of Tβ4 mediated oligodendrogenesis are unclear. The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) regulates oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelin gene expression in other models. Therefore, we investigated p38MAPK...
Multiple sclerosis is a sexually dimorphic (SD) disease that causes oligodendrocyte death, but SD of glial cells is poorly studied. Here, we analyze SD of neural progenitors in 6–8 weeks and 6–8 months normal C57BL/6, SJL/J, and BALB/c mice in the subventricular zone (SVZ), dorsolateral horn (DLC), corpus callosum (CC), and parenchyma. With a short 2‐h bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse, no gender and...
The neurotransmitter dopamine acts on the subventricular zone (SVZ) to regulate both prenatal and postnatal neurogenesis, in particular through D3 receptor (D3R) subtype. In this study, we explored the cellular mechanism(s) underlying D3R‐mediated cell proliferation and tested if systemic delivery of a D3R agonist would induce SVZ multipotent neural stem/precursor cell (NSC/NPC) proliferation in vivo...
Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in the lesioned brain is able to restore morphological and physiological alterations induced by different injuries. The local microenvironment created at the site of grafting and the communication between grafted and host cells are crucial in the beneficial effects attributed to the NPC implants. We have previously described that NPC transplantation...
Neurogenesis persists in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) of the mammalian brain. During aging, the SVZ neurogenic capacity undergoes a progressive decline, which is attributed to a decrease in the population of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the behavior of the NSCs that remain in the aged brain is not fully understood. Here we performed a comparative ultrastructural study of the SVZ niche...
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, are derived postnatally from oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) of the subventricular zone (SVZ). However, the mechanisms that regulate their generation from SVZ neural stem cells (NSC) are poorly understood. Here, we have examined the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), an effector of multiple converging signaling pathways in postnatal mice...
This review summarizes and organizes the literature concerning the effects of microglia on neurogenesis, particularly focusing on the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, in which the neurogenic potential is progressively restricted during the life of the organism. A comparison of microglial roles in neurogenesis in these two regions indicates...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently starts near the lateral ventricles, which are lined by subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells that can migrate to lesions and contribute to repair. Because MS‐induced inflammation may decrease SVZ proliferation and thus limit repair, we studied the role of galectin‐3 (Gal‐3), a proinflammatory protein. Gal‐3 expression was increased in periventricular regions...
Ependymal cells (E1/E2) and ciliated B1cells confer a unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface of the subventricular zone (SVZ), and their cilia act as sensors to ventricular changes during development and aging. While several studies showed that forebrain demyelination reactivates the SVZ triggering proliferation, ectopic migration, and oligodendrogenesis for myelin repair, the potential...
Alcohol exposure during central nervous system (CNS) development can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human imaging studies have revealed significant white matter (WM) abnormalities linked to cognitive impairment in children with FASD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we evaluated both the acute and long‐term impacts of alcohol exposure on oligodendrocyte number...
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two main niches where neurogenesis persists during adulthood, as it retains neural stem cells (NSCs) with self‐renewal capacity and multi‐lineage potency. Another critical cellular component of the niche is the population of postmitotic multiciliated ependymal cells. Both cell types are derived from radial glial cells that become specified to each lineage during...
Postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells generate forebrain glia, namely astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The cues necessary for this process are unclear, despite this phase of brain development being pivotal in forebrain gliogenesis. Galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is increased in multiple brain pathologies and thereby regulates astrocyte proliferation and inflammation in injury. To study the function...
The precise timing of neural progenitor development and the correct balance between proliferation and differentiation are crucial to generating a functional brain. The number, survival, and differentiation of neural progenitors during postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis is a highly regulated process. Postnatally, the majority of brain oligodendrocytes are generated from progenitors residing in...
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