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Increasingly, constructed wetland systems are being utilized for treatment and buffering of effluent and runoff water, functioning in nutrient removal, disinfection and also as transitional environments in recycling applications. Agriculture and agroforestry opportunities are abundant for water treated by wetland systems. Progressively, wetland use as a component in potable recycling may be more acceptable...
Sludge treatment wetlands consist of constructed wetlands which have been upgraded for sludge treatment over the last decades. Sludge dewatering and stabilisation are the main features of this technology, leading to a final product which may be recycled as an organic fertiliser or soil conditioner. In this study, biosolids from full-scale treatment wetlands were characterised in order to evaluate...
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are engineered systems designed to optimize the treatment conditions found in natural environments. A large number of physical, chemical, and biological processes are active in parallel and mutually influence each other; consequently, CWs are complex systems difficult to understand. Therefore, for a long time CWs have been often considered as “black boxes”, and only little...
Based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of reject waters (RWC) generated during dewatering of digested sewage sludge on centrifuges in conventional WWTP and municipal landfill leachate (LL), the pilot constructed wetlands for treatment of both types wastewater were designed and built. In the paper the conception, design and assumed treatment efficiencies of the pilot plants are presented...
Seven filtration systems treating raw wastewater planted with helophytes and designed by Atelier Reeb between 1996 and 2003, have been closely monitored by the appropriate authorities. The most basic system, not including sequential feeding, and the most sophisticated system involving pumps, are compared with regard to their filtering capacities (the first being less efficient), their ageing (in general,...
Untreated textile wastewater is a typical source of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the use of algae and duckweed ponds (AP and DP) as post-treatment for textile wastewater has been evaluated under the hypothesis that differing conditions such as pH, redox potential and dissolved oxygen would lead to different heavy metal removal efficiencies. Two lab-scale systems, each...
Redox potential (Eh) was measured in a treatment bed of the constructed wetland (CW) with subsurface horizontal flow for municipal wastewater treatment at Slavošovice, Czech Republic. The system for 150 person equivalents was planted with Phragmites australis and put into operation in 2001. The study is focused on diel fluctuation of Eh measured in situ in a reed bed of a constructed wetland. Redox...
A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model is used to explore the relationship between clogging and hydraulics that occurs in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Treatment Wetlands (HSSF TWs) in the United Kingdom (UK). Clogging is assumed to be caused by particle transport and an existing single collector efficiency model is implemented to describe this behaviour. The flow model was validated against HSSF TW survey...
The Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF) reed bed is the most widely used concept of constructed wetland. (Vymazal, 2005). Typically rectangular in design, wastewater is fed at the inlet and passes through the media below the surface in a horizontal path before discharging at the outlet. This basic classification of a HSSF wetland is based on the hydraulic flow pattern through the system. Designed to...
Treatment of landfill leachate is challenging due to high concentrations of oxygen-demanding compounds, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia nitrogen. The limited oxygen-transfer capability of conventional subsurface flow treatment wetlands has lead to the development of alternative design configurations that improve subsurface oxygen availability. This chapter compares the treatment...
Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea are two most commonly used plants in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic. This chapter deals with development of biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in that biomass and nutrient standing stocks in Phragmites and Phalaris growing in two constructed wetlands. Phragmites aboveground biomass varies between...
In the Czech Republic, water management authorities are required to maintain continuous treatment, throughout the year, of organic pollution and suspended solids at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with under 500 population equivalents (PE) and at WWTP 500–2000 PE also for the presence of ammonia nitrogen. Constructed wetlands built for wastewater treatment are not excepted. But their treatment...
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used in the Czech Republic since 1989. At present, about 250 systems are in operation. All systems have been designed with horizontal subsurface flow and most CWs have been designed to treat municipal or domestic wastewater from both separate and combined sewerage. The majority of constructed wetlands were built either as on-site treatment systems or for small...
Individual farms in rural areas often face problems with domestic sewage collection and treatment. In many cases investment costs of sewerage systems and central wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are too high, due to long distances from one farm to another and terrain configuration. Treatment wetlands for individual farms can solve this problem. In the present study, an overview of individual treatment...
This paper proposes a structured foundation for classifying and naming different treatment wetland (TW) design alternatives, based on observable physical design traits. A classification hierarchy is organised like a polychotomous key, from general classification criteria to wetland type identification. The three characteristics are typical of all TW: the presence of macrophytic vegetation; the existence...
Wetlands are habitats with highly variable species composition, hydrology and functioning in terms of energy exchange and forming of local climate. We compared two graminoid temperate wetlands situated nearby and at similar latitude to see how much their temperature characteristics differed with changing conditions during a growing season. The results showed that the two habitats, a littoral zone...
The chemical parameters of the surface and sediment interstitial water from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm sediment layer were investigated in different reed stands of Lake Fertő/Neusiedler See. The temperature, pH, redox potential, $${\textrm{SO}}_4 ^{2 - }$$ , $${\textrm{NO}}_2 ^-{\textrm{-N}}$$ and $${\textrm{NO}}_3 ^ -{\textrm{-N}}$$ concentrations decreased, while the electrical conductivity...
The intermittent Lake Cerknica comprises a variety of wetland habitats, which support numerous species, many of them included on the Red List. The exchange of wet and dry periods influences the through-flow of energy and the turnover of matter in the lake. In the last five decades, the water level fluctuations were highly variable. Since 1961 the May and June water levels have shown a decreasing trend...
A decrease in total area of tropical forests is considered as a significant factor that influences landscape functioning, including the hydrological cycle; it contributes to climate change, and has many other consequences. This paper presents the extent of deforestation in Nakuru and Naivasha region (Rift Valley, Central Kenya) between the years 1986 and 2005 and its effects upon thermal characteristics...
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