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This chapter describes the development of anger. To do so I need to distinguish between anger and other emotions and behaviors that are often confused with it. Having done so, I will argue that anger is an approach emotion. Unlike sadness or fear and more like happiness, its function is to move the infant into active engagement in its world in order to overcome obstacles to desired goals. Anger, as...
Because excessive anger in early childhood can predict later psychopathology, quantifying its intensity and time course is clinically important. Anger consists of a set of experiential, physiological, and behavioral responses whose coherence is sufficient to justify the assumption of a common latent variable that can vary in intensity. The relationships between anger intensity and various anger-driven...
A review is provided of the developmental course of anger during the preschool years (3–5 years) and middle childhood (6 –12 years). In addition, individual differences in anger during these developmental periods are reviewed. Three main aspects of anger are the focus of this chapter: (a) expression of anger, (b) perception and understanding of anger, and (c) regulation of anger. From the preschool...
Years ago, Averill (1982) stressed that all anger does not result in aggression, and that all aggression is not the result of anger. The second half of this idea, that aggression can have other catalysts besides anger, foreshadows the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression. Reactive aggression is defensive, retaliatory, and in response to real or perceived provocation. Proactive aggression,...
Anger is one of the most frequent emotional experiences in normal, everyday life. Surprisingly, however, anger as an emotion still tends to be narrowly defined and poorly understood. In particular, concepts such as anger, hostility, aggression, and frustration are used interchangeably, making scientific research and practical knowledge difficult to integrate. Moreover, even when anger is explicitly...
Without questioning that people’s appraisals of the situations they are in can greatly determine what emotions they experience, this chapter argues that traditional appraisal accounts of anger genesis are seriously incomplete and that anger can at times arise in ways not anticipated by appraisal formulations. Anger is here regarded as an experience that is part of a constellation of physiological,...
In keeping with the handbook format, this chapter identifies four types of methods in the behavioral decision-making literature for detecting the influence of anger on judgments and choices. The types of methods include inferring the presence of anger from behavior, measuring naturally occurring anger or individual differences in anger, manipulating anger, and both measuring and manipulating anger...
Emotions include a configuration of facial muscles, an arousal of physiological functions, and a facilitation of particular attention and information processing patterns (Izard, 1991). This chapter focuses on how anger influences attention and information processing. We will see that the most reliable effects of anger’s influence on attention and information processing occur in anger-, hostile-, or...
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