Taking into account the demand for composite targets or precursors for ion-plasma technologies for the deposition of functional nanostructured coatings, this work is a review of recently obtained and previously unpublished results of synthesis in the combustion mode of a series of chemical classes of systems differing in regards to the mechanisms of combustion and structure formation. The experimental results for self-propagating high-temperature synthesis are presented for the following systems: Ti-Al-C, Cr-Al-C, Ti-Cr-Al-C, Cr-B, Ti-Cr-B, Ti-Ta-C, and Ti-Si3N4-Al-C. The compositions of reaction mixtures and conditions of obtaining the most interesting and needed materials with high mechanical properties and resistance to high-temperature oxidation are found.