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Neuroscience has long been focused on understanding neural plasticity and its regulation during development and in adulthood. Oddly, despite the known importance of inhibition in shaping neural responses, and the rich variety in subtypes of inhibitory neurons (see Chap. 2), experimental work in this area has focused almost entirely on plasticity at excitatory synapses. Now, that has changed and the...
Interneurons, also termed local circuit neurons or (by Cajal) “neurons with short axons” (DeFelipe and Jones (1988) Cajal on the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, New York), are found throughout the neuraxis. Interneuron function is diverse, ranging from excitation or inhibition to network synchronization, and they accomplish these functions through a wide diversity of neuronal types that...
Spontaneous network activity (SNA) is displayed in many developing neural circuits shortly after synaptic connections form, and this activity is thought to be important for the maturation of the synaptic networks in which it is expressed. This chapter discusses the relationship between GABAergic signaling and SNA in the embryonic spinal cord. Spinal SNA consists of episodic bursts of spiking activity...
Auditory processing requires a balanced participation of synaptic inhibition and excitation. This balance is achieved during development, in part, through the refinement of inhibitory connections and the regulation of inhibitory functional properties. Here, we make the case that spontaneous and experience-driven activity contributes to these maturational events in the auditory brainstem and cortex...
The development of inhibition, particularly GABAergic signaling, has received considerable attention in the past few years. The fact that imbalances between inhibition and excitation are seen in several disease states, at least partly, underlies the push to understand how inhibition develops. Evidence for the fact that neural activity influences inhibitory synaptic strength during normal development...
Sensory experience drives the refinement of sensory maps in developing adult sensory cortices (Wiesel and Hubel 1974; Stryker 1978; Crair et al. 1998; Feldman and Brecht 2005). Tremendous progress has been made toward understanding the process of maturation of excitatory networks. Cortical inhibition has also been shown to play a vital role in the regulation of critical periods for sensory plasticity...
The immature hippocampus generates spontaneous network events which are known as giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) in experiments carried out in vitro. GDPs are generally thought to be driven by the interneuronal network, because they can be recorded from hippocampal slices during the early neonatal period when GABAA receptor-mediated responses are depolarizing. Recent work indicates, however,...
The endocannabinoid system, comprising the cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoid ligands (endocannabinoids), synthetic, degradative, and uptake processes, has emerged as a potent regulatory force at numerous synapses throughout the brain. The CB1R receptors are primarily located on presynaptic nerve terminals, and when activated they inhibit release. The endocannabinoid system is under intensive...
Clinical observations and retrospective studies in postmortem tissues indicate that cerebral cortical GABA systems are disrupted in a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Because GABAergic interneuron maturation is influenced substantially by activity-dependent mechanisms, it is unclear whether these associations are a cause or a consequence of a given disorder. Cortical GABA systems...
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