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The purposes of this chapter are to dispel the myth that psychiatric diagnosis is value free and based on sound scientific evidence and to show how the client’s sex and the therapist’s biases about gender often fill parts of the vacuum left by the absence of science when therapists attempt to identify, categorize, and label people’s emotional suffering.
Gender identity disorder (GID) remains the focus of considerable debate and, arguably, has divided interested parties (including health providers, transgendered people, transsexual people, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning community members) into different camps of thought regarding reform of the diagnosis.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008), depression is the leading cause of disability among all diseases or illnesses. Depression differentially affects certain groups, however. In particular, women (Nolen-Hoeksema & Hilt, 2009) and sexual minorities1 (Meyer, 2003) are twice as likely to suffer depression as men and heterosexuals, respectively. Previous research has identified...
That gender has a considerable impact on people’s body image may seem obvious based on the considerable attention paid to women’s and men’s bodies in popular culture (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999; Wolf, 1991).
One of the most well-established gender differences in health is that men die earlier than women. Men’s life expectancy, worldwide, averages 4 years less than women’s (Population Reference Bureau, 2008).
Despite an extensive literature on stress and coping, it is difficult to pinpoint ways of coping that, as a rule, are adaptive or maladaptive. Coping is a dynamic process, one that is shaped by characteristics of the person and situation (DeLongis & Holtzman, 2005; Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986). What is stressful to one individual in one situation may not be stressful...
There are three compelling reasons to understand the utilization of health care. First, understanding the full range of factors that shape the utilization of health care is important for determining the health-care needs of individuals, for developing health resources and the training of care providers, as well as for planning programs aimed at the prevention, promotion, or protection of health. Second,...
Chronic illness will more than likely touch each one of us through the course of our lifetimes, whether directly or indirectly. In the United States, 7 of every 10, or more than 1.7 million, people die each year due to a chronic illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2008a), and 1 of every 10, or 25 million, people experience major disabilities and limitations in activity due to...
Men and women tend to end up in different kinds of occupations. This phenomenon is extraordinarily robust across different settings (see Watt & Eccles, 2008), although there is certainly also cultural variation; good illustrations are women’s higher representation in the sciences in India and the former Soviet Socialist Republics than in other countries. Children’s literature, role models, vocational...
This chapter focuses on the division of labor between women and men and the distinction commonly drawn between domestic work and paid work. Work performed directly in the service of families – including housework and childcare – is often unacknowledged because of cultural assumptions that a wife or mother should do it in the privacy of the home. Paid work, on the other hand, is much more public and...
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