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Recent developments in the general synthesis of cyanine dyes are reviewed. This short chapter provides a background to the subsequent reviews of applications of cyanines.
Cyanine dyes are widely used in biotechnology due to their ability to form fluorescent complexes with nucleic acids. This chapter describes how the structure of the dye determines the mode in which it binds to nucleic acids as well as the fluorescence properties of the resulting complexes. Related dyes, such as hemicyanines and styryl dyes, are briefly described as well. In addition, covalent conjugates...
Among the near-infrared (NIR) dyes, cyanine dyes in general have shown enormous potential for optical imaging. Efforts are underway to increase their tumor-targeted specificity by conjugating these fluorophores with those targeting moieties known to bind certain receptors having high expression in tumor cells. Attempts are also underway to develop “multifunctional dyes” with nuclear, magnetic resonance...
The rapid progress of information technology continues to stimulate the exploration of innovative materials and architectures for digital processing. Merocyanine dyes appear to be potential candidates for the realization of future data-elaboration, -storage, and -communication devices. While the early stages of this research have been mainly concerned with applications in the fields of photography...
Boron complexes of acyl(hydroxy)coumarins, their acyl(hydroxy)-2-pyrone, and acyl(hydroxy)-2-quinolone analogs are useful intermediates in the polymethine dyes synthesis. Such polymethine dyes show strong light absorption and strong fluorescent emission. Structures and properties of merocyanine forms derived from spiropyrans (coumarin derivatives) are also discussed. The compounds formed by the condensation...
Squarylium dyes, first synthesized in the 1960s, consist of an oxocyclobutenolate core with aromatic or heterocyclic components at both ends of the molecule. As squarylium dyes show intense absorption and often fluorescence emission, they have attracted much attention from the viewpoint of technological applications. Efforts have been made to develop new synthetic methods for constructing squarylium-based...
One of the most important applications of asymmetric cyanines is related to their use as fluorescence probes for monitoring the progress of polymerization. Independently, cyanine dyes paired with organoborate anions are very effective visible-light photoinitiators of vinyl monomer polymerization. This chapter is focused on the influence of different factors on polymethine dye properties applied as...
The widespread use of polymethine dyes in high-technology applications such as optical recording, thermal displays, laser printers, laser filters, and infrared photography involves a solid state of the dyes. The polymethine dyes are relatively stable in the solid state. By contrast, a common limitation of the application of the polymethine dyes in solution, especially those with long-wavelength absorption...
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