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The more than 50,000 species of plants, animals, and microbes introduced into the United States cause more extinction of native species than most any other threats and cause more than $120 billion in damages and control costs each year. An assessment of the invasive plants that have been introduced and their control and damage costs will be estimated.
Invasions by multiple nonnative species into wildland areas require that decisions be made on which species and sites to target for early detection monitoring efforts and ultimately management actions. Efficient allocation of resources to detect invasions from outside of a management unit, and to monitor their spread within a management unit, leaves more resources available for control efforts and...
Eradication, i.e., the complete destruction, of all individuals of an Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in a new range is universally viewed as the permanent solution to damaging these plants, assuming any reentry of the target species is reliably prevented. Yet eradication is often deemed impractical if not effectively impossible, except when the alien species occurs in very low numbers in a single circumscribed...
Controlling plant invaders is often one aspect of ecological restoration. However, the planning and application of control measures can lead to difficult questions regarding project goals and measures of success. We present a case study of a coastal wetland system in South Carolina, USA, where two plant invaders, Phragmites australisand Typha domingensis,were targeted for control. As project participants...
It is frequently lamented that invasion biology has not been very successful in developing reliable generalizations for management. In particular, there is an urgent need to improve the understanding and assessment of impacts of invasive species. We argue that a refined conceptualization of biotic invasion derived from a management perspective, rather than purely from ecological theory, can help to...
Successful management of invasive species requires using spatial models of current distributions and forecasts of spread with explicit consideration of the effects of time on the invasion. Forecasts must also include components contributing to the spread rate such as invasion stage and Allee effects. There are several different analysis techniques available for spatial models and forecasting, and...
The management of plant invasions has typically focused on the removal of invading populations or control of existing widespread species to unspecified but lower levels. Invasive plant management typically has not involved active restoration of background vegetation to reduce the likelihood of invader reestablishment. Here, we argue that land managers could benefit from the ecological principles of...
Agricultural ecosystem weeds can be invasive species. On the Canadian Prairies, the vast majority of weeds that annually invade crops and interfere with crop production are self-sustaining, non-native species that have spread over large areas. Weeds have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by combining optimal agronomic practices in addition to herbicide application. Some of these practices include...
The ornamental horticulture industry is responsible for the introduction, propagation, and transport of thousands of nonnative plant species, most of which stay in their intended locations or spread without significant environmental impacts. However, some nonindigenous plant species have proved to be particularly invasive and quite environmentally deleterious. The economically and politically powerful...
Biological control of forest weeds by using microbial plant pathogens has been tried in a few cases with some notable success. Diverse weed targets such as broad-leaved exotic invasive tree species, native tree and shrub species that recolonize following clearcutting, and invasive shrubs, annual and perennial herbs, and vines have been targeted. Examples of several programs, some highly successful...
Spotted knapweed is native to Eastern Europe, with a locally scarce but widespread distribution from the Mediterranean to the eastern region of Russia. The plant is one of over a dozen Centaurea species that were accidentally introduced into North America and now is found in over 1 million ha of rangeland in the USA and Canada. Land managers spend millions of dollars annually in an attempt to control...
Parthenium is a weed of global significance affecting many countries in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. Parthenium causes severe human and animal health problems, agricultural losses as well as serious environmental problems. Management options for parthenium include chemical, physical, legislative, fire, mycoherbicides, agronomic practices, competitive displacement and classical biological...
Black and pale swallow-worts are invasive perennial vines that were introduced 100 years ago into North America. Their invasion has been centralized in New York State, with neighboring regions of southern Canada and New England also affected. The two species have typically been more problematic in natural areas, but are increasingly impacting agronomic systems such as horticultural nurseries, perennial...
Phalaris minor is a troublesome nonnative weed, particularly in wheat fields of northwestern India. In spite of protracted efforts to manage this weed with herbicides, it is still a significant challenge. Here, we discuss some agroecological practices that could influence establishment and survival of P. minor. Although this chapter deals with a specific example in purely agricultural settings,...
In coastal waters of Australia, the USA, and Europe, aquarium strains of the green macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia have invaded and caused ecological and economic disasters. As a result, this alga was placed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's list of 100 worst invasive species. Two things have promoted the invasions. First, C. taxifolia asexually reproduces by vegetative fragmentation...
Invasive alien plants may be introduced intentionally with trade (80% of current invasive alien plants in Europe were introduced as ornamental or agricultural plants) or unintentionally (as contaminants of grain, seeds, soil, machinery etc., or with travellers). Preventing the introduction of invasive alien plants is considered more cost-effective, from both environmental and economic points of view,...
Invasive nonnative plants impact landscapes worldwide through changes in the structure, composition, and succession pathways of plant communities. Whether and where new and existing exotic plant populations will expand influences decisions and willingness of land managers to expend resources on proactive management. Thus, land managers generally prefer to contain existing patches of invasive plants...
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