Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing

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Front Matter

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Cerebral Blood Flow > 235-235

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Relationship Between Ventilatory and Circulatory Responses to Sustained Mild Hypoxia in Humans

Toshio Kobayashi, Atsuko Masuda, Yoshikazu Sakakibara, Michiko Tanaka, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Cerebral Blood Flow > 237-241

The ventilatory response to isocapnic moderate hypoxia in humans is biphasic, consisting of an initial brisk increase followed by a gradual decrease in ventilation, namely hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD)1. A similar biphasic response in the heart rate (HR) during sustained hypoxia was also observed in our previous study2. Although some mechanisms of the HVD have been proposed (the increase in...

chapter

Respiratory, Cerebrovascular and Pressor Responses to Acute Hypoxia: Dependency on Pet _Co ₂

Philip N. Ainslie, Marc J. Poulin

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Cerebral Blood Flow > 243-249

Acute hypoxia leads to changes not only in ventilation but also in cardiovascular1 and cerebral blood flow (CBF) dynamics2. However, there seems to be no available data concerning the combined ventilatory, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to acute hypoxia in humans. Further, although hypercapnia may enhance the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (AHVR)3, it has not been clearly shown how...

chapter

Can Cardiogenic Oscillations Provide an Estimate of Chest Wall Mechanics?

Eve Bijaoui, Daniel Anglade, Pascale Calabrese, André Eberhard, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Cerebral Blood Flow > 251-257

Every time the heart beats, it produces a mechanical deformation of the lungs causing small fluctuations of airway pressure and flow called cardiogenic oscillations (CO). CO have been observed on respiratory signals during pulmonary function tests, during relaxed expiration as well as during apnea, as a mean for differentiating central and obstructive apneas1. Finally, we have recently shown that...

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Nonlinear Modeling of the Dynamic Effects of Arterial Pressure and Blood Gas Variations on Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Humans

Georgios D. Mitsis, Philip N. Ainslie, Marc J. Poulin, Peter A. Robbins, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Cerebral Blood Flow > 259-265

Cerebrovascular resistance is controlled by multiple homeostatic mechanisms, which regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF), maintaining it relatively constant despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure1–2. The regulation of CBF was long viewed as a static phenomenon, whereby the “steady-state” pressure-flow relationship is described by a sigmoidal curve with a wide plateau, suggesting that CBF remains...

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Front Matter

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Conclusions and Perspectives > 319-319

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Modeling and Control of Breathing: Perspectives from Pre- to Post-Genomic Era

Chi-Sang Poon

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Conclusions and Perspectives > 321-322

Three years ago on Cape Cod, Massachusetts in the U.S., the VIII Oxford Conference celebrated a new millennium of frontiers in modeling and control of breathing. Today, we are thrilled to be here to once again try and push the envelope on this important field with a brand new post-genomic perspective.

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Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing

Jean Champagnat

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > Conclusions and Perspectives > 323-326

Robustness and flexibility of neuro-biological systems are important parameters to consider with respect to possible gene-behavior links. On the one hand, respiration is an exceptionally reliable and continuous rhythmic behaviour, so that the rhythmic neuronal network requires strict biological specifications because it becomes vital after birth. Thus, rhythm generation is a robust mechanism that...

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Front Matter

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 149-149

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A Dual-Role Played by Extracellular ATP in Frequency-Filtering of the Nucleus Tractus Solltarii Network

Fusao Kato, Eiji Shigetomi, Koji Yamazaki, Noriko Tsuji, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 151-156

ATP is now identified to be an important signaling molecule in the CNS1–3. However, there are only few brain regions in which the function of ATP-mediated signaling is demonstrated from the molecular to whole animal levels. The caudal part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) is such a rare structure. In the cNTS, neuronal ATP release4,5, hypoxia-induced increase in purine concentration6, abundant...

chapter

Role of GABA in Central Respiratory Control Studied in Mice Lacking GABA-Synthesizing Enzyme 67-kDa Isoform of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

Shun-ichi Kuwana, Yasumasa Okada, Yoshiko Sugawara, Kunlhlko Obata

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 157-163

In in vivo adult mammals, the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to play an essential role in the termination of the respiratory phase in the central respiratory rhythm generator.1–3 On the other hand, works with in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations have revealed that the respiratory rhythm of neonatal rats is unaffected by blockade of GABAergic and glycinergic...

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Breathing Without Acetylcholinesterase

Fabrice Chatonnet, Eliane Boudinot, Arnaud Chatonnet, Jean Champagnat, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 165-170

Acetylcholine (ACh) mediates neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and is involved in respiratory control1, notably chemosensitivity2 of central and peripheral origin. The level of ACh at the synaptic cleft and neuromuscular junction is regulated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Blockade of AChE by organophosphorus compounds produces death by respiratory failure3, but despite the...

chapter

In-Silico Model of NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptor Activities Using Analog Very-Large-Scale Integrated Circuits

Guy Rachmuth, Chi-Sang Poon

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 171-175

Computational modeling is a useful analytical tool that (with valid data) may help to explain how complex brain systems work. In respiratory control, various neural network models have been proposed to explore the possible mechanisms of respiratory rhythmogenesis based on intrinsic neuronal properties as well as interactions at the network level1,2. However, the large parameter space that must be...

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Respiratory Role of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Rostral Ventral Respiratory Group of the Rabbit

Donatella Mutolo, Fulvia Bongianni, Tito Pantaleo

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 177-182

Neuronal mechanisms responsible for generating the eupneic pattern of breathing are localized within the pons and the medulla oblongata.1–3 Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) are known to be involved in the generation of rhythmic respiratory drive in mammals; both N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors are present within the medullary respiratory neuronal aggregates, and in particular in...

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Serotonergic Receptors and Effects in Hypoglossal and Laryngeal Motoneurons

Denys V. Volgin, Victor B. Fenik, Richard Fay, Shlnlchi Okabe, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 183-188

Respiratory motoneurons of the brainstem express multiple receptors for serotonin (5-HT).1–7 Some of these receptors mediate excitatory effects (e.g., type 2), whereas others (e.g., type 1) are inhibitory, yet the net effect of 5-HT applied onto motoneurons of mature animals is excitation, and antagonism of endogenous serotonergic effects suppresses the activity in brainstem respiratory motoneurons...

chapter

Modelling Respiratory Rhythmogenesis: Focus on Phase Switching Mechanisms

Ilya A. Rybak, Natalia A. Shevtsova, Julian F. R. Paton, Olivier Pierrefiche, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Molecular to Integrated Neural Control of Breathing > 189-194

It has been established that the normal respiratory pattern (“eupnoea”) in mammals is generated in the lower brainstem1,2 and may involve several medullary and pontine regions. Although some researchers suggest that a smaller region within the medulla (e.g., the pre-Bötzinger Complex (pre-BötC) may be sufficient for the respiratory rhythm generation3–5, the eupnoeic respiratory rhythm (as well as...

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Front Matter

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Neurons to Neural Assemblies: Brainstem Control of Rhythm Generation > 93-93

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Organization of Central Pathways Mediating the Hering-Breuer Reflex and Carotid Chemoreflex

Chi-Sang Poon

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Neurons to Neural Assemblies: Brainstem Control of Rhythm Generation > 95-100

How are respiratory reflex pathways organized centrally? Surprisingly little data are available in the literature that clearly address this basic question. It is generally assumed that afferents from carotid chemoreceptors, vagally-mediated slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) and other cardiopulmonary receptors modulate the respiratory rhythm through paucisynaptic central pathways that...

chapter

Converging Functional and Anatomical Evidence for Novel Brainstem Respiratory Compartments in the Rat

Donald R. McCrimmon, George F. Alheid, Minchun Jiang, Tara Calandriello, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Neurons to Neural Assemblies: Brainstem Control of Rhythm Generation > 101-105

Central nervous system circuits controlling respiratory motoneurons have usually been divided into a dorsal medullary respiratory group—associated with portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, a ventrolateral medullary respiratory group—mostly ventral to the motoneurons of nucleus ambiguus, and a pontine respiratory group—associated with portions of the parabrachial nuclear complex. When visualized...

chapter

Eupneic Respiratory Rhythm in Awake Goats is Dependent on an Intact Pre-Bötzinger Complex

H. V. Forster, J. M. Wenninger, L. G. Pan, M. R. Hodges, more

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology > Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing > From Neurons to Neural Assemblies: Brainstem Control of Rhythm Generation > 107-113

Different views exist regarding sites within the brain responsible for eupneic respiratory rhythmogenesis. Studies by Lumsden in the 1920’s1,2 indicated that the minimum neural substrate for respiratory rhythm was the medulla but an intact pons was necessary for eupneic rhythm. Recent studies by St. John et al.3, 4 support this concept. Another concept is that the pre-Bötzinger Complex (PBC) is the...

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Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing

Front Matter

Relationship Between Ventilatory and Circulatory Responses to Sustained Mild Hypoxia in Humans

Respiratory, Cerebrovascular and Pressor Responses to Acute Hypoxia: Dependency on Pet _Co ₂

Can Cardiogenic Oscillations Provide an Estimate of Chest Wall Mechanics?

Nonlinear Modeling of the Dynamic Effects of Arterial Pressure and Blood Gas Variations on Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Humans

Front Matter

Modeling and Control of Breathing: Perspectives from Pre- to Post-Genomic Era

Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing

Front Matter

A Dual-Role Played by Extracellular ATP in Frequency-Filtering of the Nucleus Tractus Solltarii Network

Role of GABA in Central Respiratory Control Studied in Mice Lacking GABA-Synthesizing Enzyme 67-kDa Isoform of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

Breathing Without Acetylcholinesterase

In-Silico Model of NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptor Activities Using Analog Very-Large-Scale Integrated Circuits

Respiratory Role of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Rostral Ventral Respiratory Group of the Rabbit

Serotonergic Receptors and Effects in Hypoglossal and Laryngeal Motoneurons

Modelling Respiratory Rhythmogenesis: Focus on Phase Switching Mechanisms

Front Matter

Organization of Central Pathways Mediating the Hering-Breuer Reflex and Carotid Chemoreflex

Converging Functional and Anatomical Evidence for Novel Brainstem Respiratory Compartments in the Rat

Eupneic Respiratory Rhythm in Awake Goats is Dependent on an Intact Pre-Bötzinger Complex

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Post-Genomic Perspectives in Modeling and Control of Breathing