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The term “acute abdomen” defines a clinical syndrome characterized by a history of hitherto undiagnosed abdominal pain lasting less than one week. A large range of disorders, from benign, self-limited diseases to conditions that require immediate surgery, can cause acute abdominal pain. Eight conditions account for over 90% of patients who are referred to the hospital and who are seen on surgical...
Trauma is a major health problem in all age groups but it is especially true in the young, due to high-velocity transportation, altercations, including with weapons and resulting in penetrating injuries, as well as falls and sportsrelated injuries. In addition, both the elderly and pregnant women are vulnerable to trauma. Improvements in the management of trauma include more rapid rescue, better organization...
The esophagus and stomach are susceptible to a wide spectrum of diseases, including benign and malignant tumors, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. For the diagnosis of this large variety of disorders, multimodality imaging is required. Barium studies, particularly double-contrast studies, continue to have a major role in the diagnostic work-up of inflammatory diseases and in post-operative...
Computed tomography enterography (CTEG) is a focused CT scan examination of the small intestine that combines the advantages of isotropic, thin-section multiplanar CT; the large volumes of neutral-density oral contrast; and rapid administration of intravenous contrast. Oral contrast agents such as 0.1% barium, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and methylcellulose contain additives that inhibit fluid reabsorption...
For decades, barium fluoroscopy studies have been the standard of reference to investigate small bowel diseases. Since the small bowel was not accessible to endoscopic techniques, these studies represented the only non-invasive diagnostic approach to the intestine. Both bowel follow-through and small bowel enteroclysis yielded fairly good results, with sensitivities and specificities of, respectively,...
Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum are common disorders that are becoming increasingly prevalent. Diverticulitis, appendicitis, and the inflammatory and infectious colitides are among the commonest causes of acute abdominal pain. These patients frequently present with non-specific symptoms. Since in most cases of acute abdominal pain clinical and laboratory assessments cannot...
Computed tomography (CT) colonography has been in development for more than a decade, with hundreds of articles now published on its performance and technical capabilities. With the conclusion and publication of the National CT Colonography trial [1] and endorsement of the technique for screening by a multi-society task force (including the American Cancer Society, American College of Radiology, US...
The category of diffuse liver diseases includes a variety of disorders that typically involve the liver in a non-focal fashion. It is important to note, however, that even within this group there may be focal abnormalities, representing unusual expression of a disease that typically has a diffuse manifestation. At the same time there may be focal neoplasms, some of which are benign and others malignant...
State-of-the-art multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technologies offer detailed insights into the liver’s anatomy and the pathophysiology of liver disease, such that imaging has become the pacemaker in the development of new therapeutic techniques. Understanding different imaging techniques and the diagnostic potential of different modalities, including contrast...
Patients with gallbladder and biliary disease may present with complaints of right upper quadrant or mid-epigastric pain, fever, jaundice, pruritis, nausea, vomiting, or they may be asymptomatic, with only laboratory abnormalities. Ultrasound, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used for the non-invasive evaluation of patients with signs and symptoms...
The incidence of pancreatic inflammatory diseases in the Western world is 110–240 cases/1 million individuals. In about 80% of these cases, the underlying cause is an undetected gall stone disease or alcohol abuse. The former is more prevalent in women and the latter in men, especially those between 30 and 50 years of age. Nevertheless, there are many other factors that can cause pancreatitis (Table...
In the imaging of pancreatic disease and in assessment of the etiology of jaundice, abdominal ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) traditionally have been employed [1]. These two methods are widely available and have the advantages of their familiarity to radiologists and clinicians and their non-invasiveness. With the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography...
The objectives of this chapter are: (1) to describe the different work-ups for adrenal masses, depending on clinical scenario, (2) define adrenal incidentaloma, (3) discuss the relative risk factors for benign and malignant adrenal masses, (4) describe the imaging techniques to differentiate benign from malignant adrenal masses, and (5) discuss the recommended medical work-up of an adrenal mass.
This chapter reviews recent advances in the imaging of renal masses, primarily using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The focus is on developments in the use of imaging to differentiate benign from malignant renal lesions and to assess patients following treatment for a renal mass.
Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with acute and chronic urinary tract obstruction. The cause of obstruction varies greatly with the patient population and the geographic locale. In a series reporting on percutaneous nephrostomy drainage, urinary obstruction was related to calculus disease in 26% of patients and to malignancy in 61%. Carcinoma of the bladder, cervix, and...
Endovaginal sonography (EVS) remains the procedure of choice for the initial evaluation of benign diseases of the female genital tract. When EVS findings are indeterminate, further evaluation is typically performed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to its excellent softtissue differentiation, multiplanar capabilities, and absence of ionizing radiation. MRI is thus well suited for imaging...
Advances in cross-sectional imaging have led to an increasingly important role for radiology in the management of malignant gynecological conditions. A number of imaging modalities can be used to evaluate malignant diseases of the female pelvis, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). These...
With a total of 192,280 new cases predicted for 2009, prostate cancer (PC) now accounts for 25% of all new male cancers diagnosed in the USA [1]. Furthermore, in their lifetime, one in six men will be clinically diagnosed with PC, although many more will be found to have histological evidence of PC at autopsy [2–4]. Presently, approximately one in ten men will die of PC [5, 6]. The ever-aging population...
Although there are many potential ways one might compartmentalize the imaging of scrotal disease (including pattern recognition, etiologies, and clinical presentation), this chapter focuses on the requisite entities that, based on their imaging and clinical features, constitute the core knowledge needed for the radiologist when faced with an abnormal scrotal sonogram. Hence, while not comprehensive,...
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