Third European Conference on Artificial Life Granada, Spain, June 4–6, 1995 Proceedings
Symbiosis is the phenomenon in which organisms of different species live together in close association, resulting in a raised level of fitness for one or more of the organisms. Endosymbiosis is the name given to symbiotic relationships in which partners are contained within a host partner. In this paper we use a simulated model of coevolution to examine endosymbiosis and its effect on the evolutionary...
This paper proposes an analytic framework for the analysis of evolutionary mechanisms at genetic coding level, attempting to provide more detailed description than population genetics. It gives an estimated sequence after T replications in an environment given the initial genetic sequence. We assume that there is a principle obeyed by evolutionary mechanisms at genetic sequence level, such that some...
In the areas of Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Life, genetic material is often represented by fixed-length chromosomes. The simplification of a fixed size, sequential sequence of genes is in accord with the ‘principle of meaningful building blocks’. The principle suggests that epistatically related genes should be positioned close to one another. However, in situations in which gene dependency...
In this paper the implications of the theory of evolutionary computation for evolutionary biology are explored. It is claimed that the concept of “representations” is particularly useful to understand the evolution of complex adaptation and the origin of the modular design of higher organisms. Modularity improves the adaptability of complex adaptive systems, but arises most likely as a side effect...
A novel theory for cell differentiation is proposed, based on simulations with interacting artificial cells which have metabolic networks within, and divide into two when the final product is accumulated. Results of simulations with coupled chemical networks and division process lead to the following scenario of the differentiation: Up to some numbers of cells, divisions bring about almost identical...
This paper reports dynamic phenomena analogous to cell differentiation. The model used in this paper is based on evolutionary large scale chaos, a large numbers of coupled chaotic elements whose logistic map is evolutionary acquired. The logistic map function itself may change dynamically according to chemical concentration in each cell by regulating its gene. Each individual starts from a single...
Although recently there has been an increasing interest in studing genetically-based development using Artificial Life models, the mapping of the genetic information into the phenotype is usually modeled as an abstract process that takes place instantaneously, i.e. before the creature starts to interact with the external world and is tested for fitness. In this paper we show that the temporal dimension...
A genetic algorithm scheme with a stochastic genotype/phenotype relation is proposed. The mechanisms responsible for this intermediate level of uncertainty, are inspired by the biological system of RNA editing found in a variety of organisms. In biological systems, RNA editing represents a significant and potentially regulatory step in gene expression. The artificial algorithm here presented, will...
Neither design nor evolutionary approaches to building behaviorbased robots feature a role for development in the genesis of behavioral organization. However, the new Cog Project aims to build a humanoid robot that will display behavioral abilities observed in human infants; and proposes making use of ideas from evolution and developmental psychology in its design. This paper provisionally evaluates...
Recently in the fields of artificial life and robotics, several researchers have attempted to let the populations of artificial organisms or real robots synthesize some intra- or inter-species cooperative relationships. Here taking the symbiont-finding problem as such a problem domain, we show how multiple populations of Q-learning artificial organisms synthesize symbiotic behavior needed to achieve...
In this paper we present a new model for the mechanism underlying what is traditionally known in immunology as the “selfnonself” distinction. It turns out that in operational terms, the distinction effected by this model of the immune system is between a sufficiently numerous set of antigens present from the start of the ontogeny of the system on the one hand, and isolated antigens first introduced...
This paper describes a method for a computer exploration of formation of structures based on the network of autonomous units. This method has a biological correspondence with morphogenetic processes. The interactions in the network of autonomous units are modeled by two kinds of forces: repulsive and attractive forces. When and what kind of forces are active at each unit is based on genetic information...
The paper distinguishes between two different modes of learning by neural networks. Traditional networks learn in the passive mode by incorporating in their internal structure the regularities present in the input and teaching input they passively receive from outside. Networks that live in a physical environment (ecological networks) can learn in the active mode by acting on the environment and learning...
In this paper we present a new version of our previous work on a maze learning animat. Its sensory/motor capabilities have been extended and modified so that they are more biologically plausible than before. The animat's learning architecture is based around a hybrid RBF Neural Network/Evolutionary Strategy implementation of an Adaptive Heuristic Critic. We conduct experiments in which the animat...
Specialist and generalist behaviors in populations of artificial neural networks are studied. A genetic algorithm is used to simulate evolution processes, and thereby to develop neural network control systems that exhibit specialist or generalist behaviors according to the fitness formula. With evolvable fitness formulae the evaluation measure is let free to evolve, and we obtain a co-evolution of...
In a series of papers we have examined what happens when individuals make very calculated choices of partners, based on past interaction histories [17, 1, 16]. In Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Choice and Refusal (IPD/CR), players use expected payoffs, which are based on the play history between the players plus an initial expectation, to assess the relative desirability of potential partners and...
Using an artificial system of self-replicating strings, we show a correlation between the age of a genotype and its abundance that reflects a punctuated rather than gradual picture of evolution, as suggested long ago by Willis. In support of this correlation, we measure genotype abundance distributions and find universal coefficients. Finally, we propose a simple stochastic model which describes the...
Artificial Life and the more general area of Complex Systems does not have a unified theoretical framework although most theoretical work in these areas is based on simulation. This is primarily due to an insufficient representational power of the classical mathematical frameworks for the description of discrete dynamical systems of interacting objects with often complex internal states. Unlike...
I define a new measure of complexity called functional logical depth and apply the measure to specify the levels of description at which, for the purposes of creating artificial life, it may be most appropriate to simulate the temporal evolution of classes of real living organisms. According to the approach outlined here, when the functional logical depth of particular information transforming relationships...
Cellular automata (CA) are dynamical systems in which space and time are discrete, where each cell obeys the same rule and has a finite number of states. In this paper we study non-uniform CA, i.e. with non-uniform local interaction rules. Our focal point is the issue of universal computation, which has been proven for uniform automata using complicated designs embedded in cellular space. The computation-universal...