The Psychological Record

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Shift Learning in Matching-to-Sample Discriminations in Rats as a Function of Overtraining

Esho Nakagawa

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 107-126

Experiment 1 has examined the effect of overtraining on shift learning in a simultaneous matching- (or nonmatching-) to-sample discrimination. Experiment 2 has examined how much overtraining is required for rats to form the concept of matching in a matchingto- sample discrimination. In Experiment 1, rats were overtrained on a simultaneous matching-to-sample discrimination or nonmatching-to-sample...

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Aberrant Self-Promotion or Subclinical Psychopathy in a Swedish General Population

Tonya M. I. Pethman, Soly I. Erlandsson

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 33-50

This article reports the first step of a Swedish validation process of an American instrument for assessing Aberrant Self-Promotion (ASP), a previously proposed personality profile which is conceptualized as a subclinical form of psychopathy. Psychopathy is, in this view, seen as an extreme expression of normally distributed personality traits. A study that investigated the occurence and frequency...

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A Legacy of Growth: Human Operant Research in The Psychological Record, 1980–1999

Simon Dymond, Thomas S. Critchfield

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 99-106

Laboratory analyses of human behavior are crucial for evaluating the interspecies generality of operant principles, and The Psychological Record provided early leadership in publishing human operant articles. To assess the journal’s modern status in this research area, we determined the prevalence of human operant studies in The Psychological Record for the years 1980 through 1999. The number of these...

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Contingent Magnitude of Reward in a Human Operant IRT >15-S-LH Schedule

Louis G. Lippman, Lyle E. Leritz

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 89-98

In an IRT >15-s schedule, either the number of points was fixed or a lesser number was awarded the later a response occu rred during the 5-s LH. As an additional means for enhancing feedback about performance, a response that exceeded the LH yielded minimal reward (vs. no reinforcer and clock reset), thus allowing differentiation between excessively long IRTs and anticipatory responses. It was...

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Quantum Mechanics and the Analysis of Behavior: Reflections and Speculations

Edward J. Green

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 19-32

Awareness is seen as the interior perception of the wave form of the substance of which the body is composed. Traditional “reality” is limited to exterior perceptions. Mind/body dualism is analogous to what physicists once thought was a contradiction between the corpuscular and the wave nature of light. We are subject both to the laws of classical mechanics and to those that govern quantum events...

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Stimulus Equivalence and Nonarbitrary Relations

Ian Stewart, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Bryan Roche, Paul M. Smeets

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 77-88

This study investigated the effect of conflicting nonarbitrary (color) relations on equivalence responding. Three groups of 8 subjects were trained and tested for the formation of three 3- member equivalence classes using nonsense syllables as stimuli. Each subject received two separate exposures. For the No-Color group all stimuli in both training and testing phases were in black lettering. For the...

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College Student Generational Status: Similarities, Differences, and Factors in College Adjustment

James B. Hertel

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 3-18

This study explored similarities and differences between 130 first-year college students classified as first or second generation. Multiple regression analyses and between-group t tests were performed to analyze the data. The study found that firstgeneration students reported significantly less parental income and social adjustment. On-campus friend support predicted overall adjustment better for...

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Response Latencies to Multiple Derived Stimulus Relations: Testing Two Predictions of Relational Frame Theory

Denis O’Hora, Bryan Roche, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Paul M. Smeets

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 1 > 51-75

In Experiment 1, 3 college students were exposed to relational pretraining to establish the contextual functions of Same, Opposite, More Than, and Less Than in four arbitrary stimuli. Subjects were then trained on the matching-to-sample tasks A 1-81 and Y1-N1, in the presence of the More-Than contextual cue, A 1-82 and Y1-N2 in the presence of the Less-Than contextual cue, C1-D1 and E1 -D2 in the...

article

Overtraining, Extinction, and Shift Learning in Matching-to-Sample Discriminations in Rats

Esho Nakagawa

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 241-253

The present experiment examined the influence of overtraining on the nonshift and reversal shift of a matching-to-sample (MTS) discrimination. Rats were trained to criterion or were overtrained on the MTS discrimination. After completing Phase 1 training, they received extinction to criterion, and then were given either a nonshift (Group Nonshift) problem, in which the rule was not changed from Phase...

article

Out of Its Mind: Psychiatry in Crisis

P. A. Lamal

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 255-256

article

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

Edward K. Morris

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 256-257

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Individual Differences in Human Fixed-Interval Performance

Hirota Okouchi

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 173-186

Thirty-two undergraduates were exposed to a fixed-interval 60-s schedule. There were extreme individual differences in postreinforcement pauses and response rates. Such individual differences persisted for 60 sessions with a total of 1200 reinforcers. The total number of errors made on the Matching Familiar Figures Test was negatively correlated with the postreinforcement pause and positively correlated...

article

Unreinforced Conditional Selection by Two-Year-Olds in A Six-Comparison Matching Task

Neil Dugdale, Samantha Johnson

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 159-172

Four normally developing 2-year-old children were exposed to a story in which six novel characters appeared and were named. To assess learning of the character name → picture relations, all six pictures were presented together as comparisons in matching-to-sample test trials and the children were asked to make selections as each of the six names were dictated as samples. No child learned any of the...

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Generalized Break Equivalence II: Contextual Control Over A Generalized Pattern of Stimulus Relations

Serafín Gómez, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, M. Carmen Luciano

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 203-220

In an earlier work (Gomez, Barnes-Holmes, & Luciano, 2001), it was found that although generalized break equivalence was achieved for 3 subjects (i.e., responding to new stimulus sets producing symmetry and transitivity but not equivalence; Cx-Ay, Cy-Ax), only 1 subject showed this pattern of responding during the first test exposure, and 2 additional subjects did not produce the derived pattern...

article

Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique Promotes Learning and Corrects Inaccurate first Responses

Michael L. Epstein, Amber D. Lazarus, Tammy B. Calvano, Kelly A. Matthews, more

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 187-201

Multiple-choice testing procedures that do not provide corrective feedback facilitate neither learning nor retention. In Studies 1 and 2, the performance of participants evaluated with the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF AT), a testing method providing immediate feedback and enabling participants to answer until correct, was compared to that of participants responding to identical tests...

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Rats’ Response Rates for 1 % Sucrose When Food-Pellet Reinforcement is Upcoming: Effect Of Upcoming Reinforcement Contingency

Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Patricia L. Moulton, Jasen J. Ritt

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 221-240

Previous research has demonstrated that rats’ rates of lever pressing for 1% liquid-sucrose reinforcers in the first half of a 50-min session increase when food-pellet, rather than the same sucrose, reinforcement will be delivered in the second half of the session. The present study investigated whether this increase (i.e., induction) would be influenced by alterations to the response-reinforcer relationship...

article

Word Diagrams in Teaching Classical Conditioning

Lyle K. Grant

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 129-138

The present experiment examined the value of word diagrams on the concept learning of university students. All students learned the concept of classical conditioning by reading a lesson in which the concept was defined and illustrated through examples and nonexamples. A diagram group studied a lesson in which word diagrams graphically illustrated the conditioning process in each example. A nondiagram...

article

Establishing Transfer of Compound Control in Children: A Stimulus Control Analysis

Franck Carpentier, Paul M. Smeets, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 2 > 139-158

Five-year-old children received training on four symbolic match-to-sample tasks with single-element stimuli (A1-B1, A2-B2; P1-Q1, P2-Q2). Then they received training on four novel matching tasks with AB compounds as samples and X stimuli as comparisons. The children received positive feedback for selecting X1 when given compounds representing sample-correct comparison relations (A1B1-X1, A2B2-X1)...

article

Gender of an Expert Witness and the Jury Verdict

James V. Couch, Jennifer N. Sigler

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 3 > 281-287

Can jurors separate their perception of the ideal gender for a profession from the testimony of an expert witness representing that profession? Mock jurors read about a civil case involving an automobile accident. Plaintiff’s evidence came from an automotive engineer depicted as either male or female. Individual juror response measures and jury responses indicated no significant effect of gender on...

article

Whole Reversal Versus Partial Reversal Advantage Effect on Same-Different Discriminations in Rats

Esho Nakagawa

The Psychological Record > 2002 > 52 > 3 > 379-398

The present experiment has examined a whole reversal versus partial reversal advantage effect on same-different discrimination using a whole-partial reversal procedure in rats. This experiment was a limited parameter study of the reinforcer density variable from Phase 1 training to Phase 2 reversal. Rats were trained to criterion on 12 same-different tasks (6 same and 6 different tasks) and then given...

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The Psychological Record

Shift Learning in Matching-to-Sample Discriminations in Rats as a Function of Overtraining

Aberrant Self-Promotion or Subclinical Psychopathy in a Swedish General Population

A Legacy of Growth: Human Operant Research in The Psychological Record, 1980–1999

Contingent Magnitude of Reward in a Human Operant IRT >15-S-LH Schedule

Quantum Mechanics and the Analysis of Behavior: Reflections and Speculations

Stimulus Equivalence and Nonarbitrary Relations

College Student Generational Status: Similarities, Differences, and Factors in College Adjustment

Response Latencies to Multiple Derived Stimulus Relations: Testing Two Predictions of Relational Frame Theory

Overtraining, Extinction, and Shift Learning in Matching-to-Sample Discriminations in Rats

Out of Its Mind: Psychiatry in Crisis

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

Individual Differences in Human Fixed-Interval Performance

Unreinforced Conditional Selection by Two-Year-Olds in A Six-Comparison Matching Task

Generalized Break Equivalence II: Contextual Control Over A Generalized Pattern of Stimulus Relations

Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique Promotes Learning and Corrects Inaccurate first Responses

Rats’ Response Rates for 1 % Sucrose When Food-Pellet Reinforcement is Upcoming: Effect Of Upcoming Reinforcement Contingency

Word Diagrams in Teaching Classical Conditioning

Establishing Transfer of Compound Control in Children: A Stimulus Control Analysis

Gender of an Expert Witness and the Jury Verdict

Whole Reversal Versus Partial Reversal Advantage Effect on Same-Different Discriminations in Rats

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