The Psychological Record

article

Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Children: Effects of Visual food Cues

L. B. Forzano, M. Szuba, J. M. Figurilli

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 161-175

Self-control can be defined as the choice of a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforcer, and impulsiveness as the opposite. Preschool children have exhibited varying degrees of self-control and impulsiveness in laboratory experiments when food is the reinforcer. Previous research suggests that exposure to visual food cues may affect preschool children’s self-control...

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Effectiveness of Feedback During the Testing of Preschool Children, Elementary School Children, and Adolescents with Developmental Delays

Michael L. Epstein, Gary M. Brosvic, Kate L. Costner, Roberta E. Dihoff, more

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 177-195

Students in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 studied test materials presented within the context of a story, and then responded to a 10-item quiz using either a Scantron form or an Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF AT) form (Study 1). The retention of these materials was examined 1 week later using IF AT forms. Students evaluated with the IF AT demonstrated an overall increase in scores on the follow-up...

article

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Act) vs. Systematic Desensitization in Treatment of Mathematics Anxiety

Robert D. Zettle

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 197-215

College students (N = 24) experiencing math anxiety were treated individually for 6 weeks with either acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or systematic desensitization. Statistical analyses indicated significant, but equivalent, reductions in self-report measures of math and test anxiety that were maintained at 2-month follow-up. Both statistically and clinically significant decrements in trait...

article

Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immunostimulation Produces A Dose- and Time-Dependent Decrease in General Activity and Weight Gain in Preweanling Rats

Robert W. Flint, Nairmeen A. Haller, Kimberly A. Urban, Benjamin H. Newberry

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 253-267

The immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces numerous physiological and behavioral effects in adult rodents. The present study examined the effects of this endotoxin on activity levels and weight gain in 20-day-old preweanling rats. Experiment 1 demonstrated that 400 µg/kg of LPS produced a significant decline in locomotor activity 1 hr postinjection, and both 200 µg/kg and 400 µg/kg significantly...

article

Mutual Selection and Membership in Open-Ended Classes: Variant-to-Base and Base-to-Variant Testing

Lanny Fields, Priya Matneja, Antonios Varelas, James Belanich

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 287-311

Two open-ended classes were formed when students were exposed to a forced choice primary generalization test, conducted in a matching-to-sample context. The classes were at opposite ends of a fill-based continuum. The endpoints of the continuum were called base stimuli and the intermediate stimuli were called variants. Class members were identified with tests conducted in the traditional variant-to-base...

article

A Betting Dice Test to Study the Interactive Style of Risk-Taking Behavior

Isabel Arend, Juan Botella, María José Contreras, José Manuel Hernández, more

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 217-230

The purpose of this research was to assess the consistency and stability of risk-behavior within the interactive style perspective through a betting dice test (Ribes & Sánchez, 1992). We used two different versions of the betting dice test (BDT), in which some parametric values were changed in order to verify the interactive style configuration. When BDT version 1 was used (Study 1) we found that,...

article

Within-Session Decreases in Operant Responding as A Function of Pre-Session Feedings

Eric S. Murphy, Frances K. McSweeney, Benjamin P. Kowal

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 313-326

The effect of supplemental feedings on pigeons’ within-session changes in operant key-pecking was investigated. In different conditions, the feeding was either Purina Pigeon Checkers or mixed grain. The feedings were delivered 1, 4, and 12 hr prior to an experimental session. Responding changed significantly and systematically within sessions for all conditions. During the 1- and 4-hr pre-session...

article

Positive Induction Produced by Food-Pellet Reinforcement: Component Variations Have Little Effect

Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Emily I. L. Arthur, Brent M. King

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 269-285

Previous results have demonstrated that rats’ rates of lever pressing for 1% liquid sucrose increase if a period of food-pellet reinforcement will soon occur (i.e., positive induction). The present study investigated whether this induction would be altered by changes to the amount of time the reinforcers were available and/or by their temporal relation to one another. In Experiment 1, subjects responded...

article

Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of supports

Muriel D. Saunders

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 327-329

article

Training Overcomes Reasoning Schema Effects and Promotes Transfer

Pamela I. Ansburg, Leeann Shields

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 231-242

Participants underwent different kinds of training on the permission type of Wason’s Four-Card problem to determine whether transfer of general solution principles would occur to the arbitrary type of Wason’s Four-Card problem. There were four training conditions: (a) practice, (b) practice with feedback, (c) problem comparison only, and (d) problem comparison with feedback. Those participants who...

article

Effects of Cold Pressor Pain on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement

Stephen Ray Flora, Lindy Rae Wilkerson, David B. Flora

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 2 > 243-252

Humans pressed 2 buttons for points that were exchangeable for money. Pressing 1 of the buttons, the impulsive choice, produced 2 points over 4 s. Pressing the other button, the self-controlled choice, produced 10 points over 4 s after a 16-s delay. Each point was exchangeable for 1 cent ($0.01). All subjects earned 1 cent ($0.01) for every 3 s they kept their right hand immersed in water. All subjects...

article

The Continuity Strategy, Human Behavior, and Behavior Analysis

Simon Dymond, Bryan Roche, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 3 > 333-347

In behavior analysis, continuity refers to the assumption of a similarity of behavioral principles or processes between nonhumans and humans, which is often considered to be a fundamental postulate of the field. The present paper outlines a more recent view of the continuity assumption as an epistemological tool or research strategy. Researchers employing this strategy attempt to replicate with humans...

article

Positive Effects of Rewards and Performance Standards on Intrinsic Motivation

W. David Pierce, Judy Cameron, Katherine M. Banko, Sylvia So

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 561-578

The present study examined how rewards affect people’s intrinsic motivation when the rewards are tied to meeting increasingly demanding performance standards. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial design with 2 levels of performance standard (constant, progressive) and 2 levels of reward (reward, no reward). Using a puzzle-solving task, 60 undergraduate university students were randomly assigned to...

article

Spontaneous Recovery During, But not Following, Extinction of the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine in Rats: Reinstatement of Stimulus Control

Joseph R. Troisi

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 579-592

Extinction of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs has received little research attention. Using a one-lever food-reinforcement (VI-1 min) operant procedure with rats (N = 16), the studies reported here assessed extinction, spontaneous recovery, and reinstatement of responding to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. Experiment 1 found evidence for retention of differential responding...

article

Sequence Class Formation Following Learning of Short Sequences

Edith Galy, Jean-François Camps, Claudine Melan

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 635-645

The production of 3-item probe sequences by 20 adults was assessed after the participants were trained to respond to three 3-item sequences (A1→A2→A3, B1→B2→B3, and C1→C2→C3). Each sequence was learned progressively according to the successive phase method (1-item phase, 2-item phase, and then 3-item phase). Performance on the 3 probe sequences was consistent with the formation of classes of mutually...

article

Eliminating Context-Dependent Forgetting: Changing Contexts can be as Effective as Reinstating Them

Simon Chu, Victoria Handley, Simon R. Cooper

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 549-559

Standard context-dependent memory studies have shown that when information is encoded in a certain environmental context (EC), recall performance is weakened when retrieval occurs in a different, rather than the same, EC. Here, we show that this contextdependent forgetting can be eliminated using mental imagery at encoding. In two studies, participants used mental visualization of the retrieval EC...

article

Is Children’s Symmetric Matching to Sample the Product of Symmetric Experiences with Spoken Names?

Harrie Boelens, Marga Broek, Stijn Calmeyn

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 593-615

In Experiment 1, fourteen 5- to 6-year-old children were taught to speak name N1 in response to visual stimulus A1, and name N2 in response to visual stimulus A2. Thereafter, 7 children were taught to choose A1 when N1 was spoken and A2 when N2 was spoken; the others to choose A2 when N1 was spoken and A1 when N2 was spoken. For both groups, this was followed by a purely visual matching-to-sample...

article

Differential Probability of Equivalence Class Formation Following a One-To-Many Versus a Many-To-One Training Structure

Oddbjørn Hove

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 617-634

Twenty college students were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Dependent variables were presses on a touch screen, reaction time, and number of errors during training. An index of consistent responding to comparison stimuli during testing for equivalence was calculated. The subjects were also presented with a postexperimental task in which they sorted symbols used in the experiment. The main finding...

article

The Role of Feedback During Academic Testing: The Delay Retention Effect Revisited

Roberta E. Dihoff, Gary M. Brosvic, Michael L. Epstein

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 533-548

Students completed 5 quizzes during the semester using tesponse formats that provided no feedback (word-processed answer sheet, Scantron form), delayed feedback (end of test, 24 hours), or immediate feedback while answering each test item. Administered 2 weeks after students had completed the 5th quiz, the final examination consisted of 50 items, with 10 items randomly selected from each quiz. Scores...

article

Validation of the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks in Hospitalized Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Donald M. Dougherty, James M. Bjork, R. Andrew Harper, Charles W. Mathias, more

The Psychological Record > 2003 > 53 > 4 > 509-532

This study explores concurrent and criterion validity of a Continuous Performance Test, the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks (IMT/DMT). Concurrent validity was examined through comparison with collateral measures of impulsivity, while criterion validity was assessed by comparison of groups with differing levels of impulsive behavior, those with and without disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). DBDs...

INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Children: Effects of Visual food Cues

Effectiveness of Feedback During the Testing of Preschool Children, Elementary School Children, and Adolescents with Developmental Delays

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Act) vs. Systematic Desensitization in Treatment of Mathematics Anxiety

Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immunostimulation Produces A Dose- and Time-Dependent Decrease in General Activity and Weight Gain in Preweanling Rats

Mutual Selection and Membership in Open-Ended Classes: Variant-to-Base and Base-to-Variant Testing

A Betting Dice Test to Study the Interactive Style of Risk-Taking Behavior

Within-Session Decreases in Operant Responding as A Function of Pre-Session Feedings

Positive Induction Produced by Food-Pellet Reinforcement: Component Variations Have Little Effect

Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of supports

Training Overcomes Reasoning Schema Effects and Promotes Transfer

Effects of Cold Pressor Pain on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement

The Continuity Strategy, Human Behavior, and Behavior Analysis

Positive Effects of Rewards and Performance Standards on Intrinsic Motivation

Spontaneous Recovery During, But not Following, Extinction of the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine in Rats: Reinstatement of Stimulus Control

Sequence Class Formation Following Learning of Short Sequences

Eliminating Context-Dependent Forgetting: Changing Contexts can be as Effective as Reinstating Them

Is Children’s Symmetric Matching to Sample the Product of Symmetric Experiences with Spoken Names?

Differential Probability of Equivalence Class Formation Following a One-To-Many Versus a Many-To-One Training Structure

The Role of Feedback During Academic Testing: The Delay Retention Effect Revisited

Validation of the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks in Hospitalized Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders

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