The Psychological Record

article

Critical thinking in psychology

Thomas R. Zentall

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 156-158

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History of psychology: A cultural perspective

Noel W. Smith

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 153-156

article

A Transformation of Functions in Accordance with the Nonarbitrary Relational Properties of Sexual Stimuli

Bryan Roche, Simon Dymond

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 71-94

In two experiments, researchers examined the transformation of the nonarbitrary properties of sexual stimuli in accordance with multiple stimulus relations. First, simple discrimination and free-operant procedures were used to present small, medium, or large sexually explicit images. Contextual functions of “More than” and “Less than” were then established for two cues by using a relational pretraining...

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The Effects of Reward Omission and Change on Proactive Interference in Spatial Alternation

William Scott Terry

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 61-70

Whether reward omission on the sample runs of a delayed alternation task would reduce proactive interference was tested in two experiments. On the first run of a trial, the animal entered one arm of a maze to obtain a food reward; on the second run the reward was available in the opposite arm. Alternation declined across a block of massed trials, but there was less of a decrease when the reward was...

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Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

Adam Derenne, R. Michael Breitstein, Rebecca J. Cicha

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 51-60

Fifteen participants were trained on a within-subjects basis with two discrimination training conditions and one simple generalization training (control) condition to determine whether gradient shifts can be obtained within a stimulus dimension consisting of women’s waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs). In one discrimination condition, the S− consisted of the “optimal” WHR; in the other, the S− consisted of...

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They Should Have Thought About the Consequences: The Crisis of Cognitivism and a Second Chance for Behavior Analysis

Geir Overskeid

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 131-151

Cognitivism has dominated mainstream psychology for decades, but lately its position has been weakened. It has been criticized not only by behavior analysts but also by social and evolutionary psychologists, neuroscientists, and authors who are or used to be cognitivists themselves. At the same time, psychologists and neuroscientists in several fields are now rediscovering the necessity of understanding...

article

Scopolamine Effects Under a Titrating-Delayed-Nonmatching-to-Position Procedure

M. Porritt, A. Poling

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 37-49

In a study of working memory, the performance of rats under titrating-delayednonmatching- to-position (TDNMTP) procedures was examined. Overall accuracy and the number of trials completed were inversely related to titration value, whereas the highest delay attained was directly related to titration value. When given intraperitoneally, scopolamine significantly reduced the highest delay attained without...

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Stimulus Relations Analysis and the Emergence of Novel Intraverbals

Luis Antonio Pérez-González, Katia Herszlikowicz, Gladys Williams

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 95-129

In three experiments designed to analyze the emergence of untaught operants with a spoken response in normally developing 5- to 6-year-old children, verbal operants with the names of countries, cities, and parks were used as stimuli or responses—intraverbals. Children learned Country-City intraverbals and City-Park intraverbals. The authors then probed the emergence of novel intraverbals without reinforcement,...

article

Reversal Learning Set and Functional Equivalence in Children with and Without Autism

Karen M. Lionello-DeNolf, William J. McIlvane, Daniela S. Canovas, Deisy G. Souza, more

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 15-36

To evaluate whether children with and without autism could exhibit (a) functional equivalence in the course of yoked repeated-reversal training and (b) reversal learning set, 6 children, in each of two experiments, were exposed to simple discrimination contingencies with three sets of stimuli. The discriminative functions of the set members were yoked and repeatedly reversed. In Experiment 1, all...

article

Discrimination Reversal Learning in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)

Michael J. Beran, Emily D. Klein, Theodore A. Evans, Betty Chan, more

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 1 > 3-14

Learning styles in capuchin monkeys were assessed with a computerized reversal-learning task called the mediational paradigm. First, monkeys were trained to respond with 90% accuracy on a two-choice discrimination (A+B-−). Then the authors examined differences in performance on three different types of reversal trials (A-−B+, A-−C+, B+C-−), each of which offered differing predictions for performance,...

article

Compound Cue Processing in Linearly and Nonlinearly Separable Environments

Ulrich Hoffrage, Rocio Garcia-Retamero, Uwe Czienskowski

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 301-314

Take-the-best (TTB) is a fast and frugal heuristic for paired comparison that has been proposed as a model of bounded rationality. This heuristic has been criticized for not taking compound cues into account to predict a criterion, although such an approach is sometimes required to make accurate predictions. By means of computer simulations, it is shown that TTB-configural, an extension of TTB that...

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Topography of Responses in Conditional Discrimination Influences Formation of Equivalence Classes

Olivia M. Kato, Júlio C. Rose, Pedro B. Faleiros

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 245-267

The effects of response topography on stimulus class formation were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 32 college students were assigned to 2 response topographies and 2 stimulus sets, in a 2 × 2 design. Students selected stimuli by either moving a mouse to place an arrow-shaped cursor on the stimulus or pressing a key corresponding to stimulus location. After they learned conditional discriminations...

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In Response: Psychology Is a Behavioral Science, Not a Biological Science, By Gary Greenberg and Charles Lambdin—Correct Conclusion, Unsound Arguments

Robert Whelan

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 315-318

Greenberg and Lambdin’s review (in the summer 2007 issue) does an excellent job of summarizing the contents of Uttal’s book Neural Theories of Mind: Why the Mind-Brain Problem May Never Be Solved (hereafter NTM). Furthermore, these authors make several insightful comments about the issues raised in NTM. I disagree, however, with two aspects of Greenberg and Lambdin’s review: one a matter of opinion,...

article

Handbook of adult development and learning

Caitlin Schultz, Alison Finstad, F. Richard Ferraro

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 323-324

article

Future Rice is Discounted Less Steeply Than Future Money in Thailand

Masaharu Takahashi, Nobuo Masataka, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Siriwat Wongsiri

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 175-190

There is evidence that people discount food more steeply than money, suggest-ing that primary or consumable reinforcers lose value quickly, whereas con-ditioned or nonconsumable reinforcers lose value slowly. In the present study, discounting rates of baht (unstable currency) and rice (preservable food) were compared during a period of unstable economic conditions in Thailand. Delay discounting of...

article

Understanding developmental disorders: A causal modelling approach

Kathy L. Korell, Joanna Marino, F. Richard Ferraro

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 325-326

article

Derived Avoidance Learning: Transformation of Avoidance Response Functions in Accordance with Same and Opposite Relational Frames

Simon Dymond, Bryan Roche, John P. Forsyth, Robert Whelan, more

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 269-286

Two experiments were designed to replicate and extend previous findings on the transformation of avoidance response functions in accordance with the relational frames of Same and Opposite. Participants were first exposed to nonarbitrary and arbitrary relational training and testing. Next, during avoidance conditioning, one stimulus from the relational network signaled a simple avoidance response that...

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How Sex, Native Language, and College Major Relate to the Cognitive Strategies Used during 3-D Mental Rotation

Yingli Li, Michael W. O’Boyle

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 287-300

Eighty college students mentally rotated 3-D shapes while maintaining a concurrent verbal or spatial memory load to investigate how sex, native language, and college major relate to the cognitive strategies employed during mental rotation (MR). Males were significantly better than females at MR, whereas native language was not related to MR ability or preferred strategy. A significant Sex × Major...

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A Novel Method for Teaching the First Instances of Simple Discrimination to Nonverbal Children with Autism in a Laboratory Environment

Karen M. Lionello-DeNolf, Romariz Silva Barros, William J. McIlvane

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 229-244

A novel method for initiating discrimination training with nonverbal children combines a delayed S+ procedure that requires children to refrain from responding to either of 2 physically different choice stimuli until a prompt stimulus is added onto 1 of the choices, and a delayed prompting procedure that presents the same 2-choice stimulus display, but stimuli are initially added onto both choices...

article

Inference Based on Transitive Relation in Tree Shrews (Tupaia Belangeri) and Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) on a Spatial Discrimination Task

Makoto Takahashi, Tomokazu Ushitani, Kazuo Fujita

The Psychological Record > 2008 > 58 > 2 > 215-227

Six tree shrews and 8 rats were tested for their ability to infer transitively in a spatial discrimination task. The apparatus was a semicircular radial-arm maze with 8 arms labeled A through H. In Experiment 1, the animals were first trained in sequence on 4 discriminations to enter 1 of the paired adjacent arms, AB, BC, CD, and DE, with right (or left, for half the animals) symbols signifying positive...

INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

Critical thinking in psychology

History of psychology: A cultural perspective

A Transformation of Functions in Accordance with the Nonarbitrary Relational Properties of Sexual Stimuli

The Effects of Reward Omission and Change on Proactive Interference in Spatial Alternation

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

They Should Have Thought About the Consequences: The Crisis of Cognitivism and a Second Chance for Behavior Analysis

Scopolamine Effects Under a Titrating-Delayed-Nonmatching-to-Position Procedure

Stimulus Relations Analysis and the Emergence of Novel Intraverbals

Reversal Learning Set and Functional Equivalence in Children with and Without Autism

Discrimination Reversal Learning in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)

Compound Cue Processing in Linearly and Nonlinearly Separable Environments

Topography of Responses in Conditional Discrimination Influences Formation of Equivalence Classes

In Response: Psychology Is a Behavioral Science, Not a Biological Science, By Gary Greenberg and Charles Lambdin—Correct Conclusion, Unsound Arguments

Handbook of adult development and learning

Future Rice is Discounted Less Steeply Than Future Money in Thailand

Understanding developmental disorders: A causal modelling approach

Derived Avoidance Learning: Transformation of Avoidance Response Functions in Accordance with Same and Opposite Relational Frames

How Sex, Native Language, and College Major Relate to the Cognitive Strategies Used during 3-D Mental Rotation

A Novel Method for Teaching the First Instances of Simple Discrimination to Nonverbal Children with Autism in a Laboratory Environment

Inference Based on Transitive Relation in Tree Shrews (Tupaia Belangeri) and Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) on a Spatial Discrimination Task

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