The Psychological Record

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A Precursor to the Relational Evaluation Procedure: Analyzing Stimulus Equivalence

Veronica A. Cullinan, Dermot Barnes, Paul M. Smeets

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 121-145

Four experiments are described that employed a form of go/no go procedure that we refer to as a precursor to the Relational Evaluation Procedure (pREP). The pREP was used to train and test for equivalence responding, and the results of this procedure were compared with the results achieved using a standard matching-to-sample procedure. Each trial in the pREP involved a sample stimulus and either a...

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The Effects of Prior Equivalence Testing and Verbal Instructions on Derived Self-Discrimination Transfer: A Follow-Up Study

Simon Dymond, Dermot Barnes

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 147-170

As a follow-up to our previous research (Dymond & Barnes, 1994), this study examined the respective roles of equivalence testing and verbal instructions on the derived transfer of self-discrimination response functions. In Experiment 1, 4 subjects were exposed to the same experimental sequence as in the Dymond and Barnes study except that they did not receive a matching-to-sample equivalence test...

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Prior Learning and Equivalence Class Formation

Michelle Peoples, Kevin J. Tierney, Maeve Bracken, Cara Mckay

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 111-120

Verbally competent volunteers, 6 male and 6 female, served as participants. They were exposed to two experimental procedures. Initially two nonsense syllables (A2 and C1) were paired with positive adjectives and two nonsense syllables (A1 and C2) were paired with negative adjectives, using a procedure analogous to classical conditioning. Following this they were exposed to a stimulus equivalence training...

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Stimulus Familiarity and the Delayed Emergence of Stimulus Equivalence or Consistent Nonequivalence

Per Holth, Erik Arntzen

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 81-110

Stimulus equivalence, defined as C-A matching, was tested in 80 adults following training in a matching-to-sample task involving arbitrary A-B and B-C matching. In Experiment 1, 50 subjects, successively assigned to one of five groups, were exposed to specific stimulus material. The stimuli for subjects in the first group were Greek letters only. In the remaining groups, pictures were incorporated...

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The Effects of Sexually Explicit Words on the Formation of Stimulus Equivalence Classes

Joseph J. Plaud, George A. Gaither, Michael Franklin, Louise A. Weller, more

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 63-79

Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral approach to the analysis of the “meaning” of stimulus sets. The formation of three-member (A→B→C) stimulus equivalence classes was used to investigate the effects of three different sets of sample and comparison stimuli on emergent behavior. The three stimulus sets were composed of sexually explicit words, sexually ambiguous words, and a third category of neutral...

article

The Phantom Array: A Perisaccadic Illusion of Visual Direction

Wayne A. Hershberger, J. Scott Jordan

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 21-32

Naive observers (N = 75) were asked to saccade in the dark across a point light source blinking on and off at 200 Hz and to describe the resultant phantom array (Hershberger, 1987). The vast majority represented this perisaccadic illusion of visual direction essentially as Hershberger described it. Replicable features of the phantom array imply that the perisaccadic shift of retinal local signs (i...

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Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Counting in a Computerized Testing Paradigm

Michael J. Beran, Duane M. Rumbaugh, E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 3-19

Using computer-mediated joystick manipulation, the ability of a common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to select arrays of items equal to a given target number was examined. A random dot condition was included in which all sequence cues were eliminated as a means to reach the target numbers 1 to 4. The participant, Austin, had only the quantity of items already selected as a record of how high the count...

article

Book Review

Dennis J. Delprato

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 183-183

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The Effects Of Instructions On Human Matching

Masaharu Takahashi, Tohru Shimakura

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 171-181

In order to investigate the effects of instructions describing features of schedules on choice under concurrent variableinterval schedules, 15 human subjects, in three groups, were exposed to five concurrent schedules. In addition to basic instructions describing a task, subjects in different groups received different additional instructions. Subjects in one group received instructions describing...

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Superstitious Math Performance: Interactions between Rules and Scheduled Contingencies

H. A. Chris Ninness, Sharon K. Ninness

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 45-62

Experimental conditions were designed to examine students’ sensitivity to scheduled contingencies and accurate or fallacious rules as these variables influence performance during computer-generated math problems. Experimental subjects were provided: scheduled contingencies followed by extinction, follow-up extinction, and a rules condition promulgating accurate or fallacious rules for accessing reinforcement...

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Is Acquired Tolerance to Hypothermia Susceptible to Extinction?

Mitchell M. Metzger, Steven B. Harrod, Steven C. Kissinger, David C. Riccio

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 1 > 33-44

Studies examining adaptation to thermoregulatory challenges have shown that tolerance to hypothermia is mediated, in part, by associative (Pavlovian) learning mechanisms. This study examined whether acquired tolerance to deep body cooling (hypothermia) could be extinguished by conditions in which presentations of the environmental cues were presented in the absence of hypothermia treatment. The results...

article

The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward An Understanding Of Stimulus Equivalence

Ruth Anne Rehfeldt, Linda J. Hayes

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 187-210

The distinction between operant and respondent behavior classes has received considerable attention throughout the history of behavior analysis. Some have contended that because operant and respondent processes share a number of similarities, the distinction should be dropped. Others, for lack of a better theoretical alternative, have supported the continued distinction. It is suggested that the failure...

article

Punishment Generalization Gradients with Humans

Jennifer O’Donnell, John Crosbie

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 211-232

Electric-shock punishment produces stimulus-generalization gradients with animals. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether response-cost punishment produces similar gradients with humans. In Experiment 1, psychophysical procedures were used to generate a set of 10 horizontal lines that differ in length such that adjacent lines were indiscriminable, then reinforcement gradients...

article

Individual Differences in Cognitive Addition

Mohamed Bernoussi

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 325-332

This study addresses the problem of individual differences in solving simple addition problems by comparing the result of group to individual data. We found that if the group data are better explained by the currently dominant model (retrieval of arithmetic facts from memory), individual data are explained by different models at the level of the process used.

article

Books Received

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 349-352

article

Effects of Differing Instructional Histories on the Resurgence Of Rule-Following

Mark R. Dixon, Linda J. Hayes

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 275-292

Attempts to explain differences between human and nonhuman sensitivity to changing contingencies have centered around humans’ language ability, and more specifically on instructional control. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of various histories of rule-governance on the resurgence of rule-following during extinction. Results illustrated that specific rule-following histories...

article

Symmetry Versus Sequentiality Related to Prior Training, Sequential Dependency of Stimuli, and Verbal Labeling

Per Holth, Erik Arntzen

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 293-315

In matching-to-sample tasks, symmetry is defined by the interchangeability of samples and their corresponding comparison stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to identify sources of both intra- and intersubject variability in the formation of symmetry. In Experiment 1, samples and correct comparison stimuli were selected according to three levels of presumed sequential dependence: (a) letters...

article

Effects of Response Cost in Computerized Programmed Instruction

Kevin J. Munson, John Crosbie

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 233-250

Punishment improves discrimination learning, and programmed instruction is an elaborate form of discrimination training, so the present experiment assessed whether punishment also improves performance on programmed instruction. The cost of such improvement in terms of increased training time and dissatisfaction of subjects also was assessed. Three college students completed a computerized version...

article

An Investigation of Oddity Concept Learning by Rats

Aileen M. Bailey, Roger K. Thomas

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 333-344

Four male rats (Rattus norvegicus, Long-Evans) 114 days old at pretraining were tested using ping pong balls with foodflavoring odors as discriminanda. Two same-odor and one different-odor balls were presented on each trial, and 60 different problems were administered each to an 80% correct criterion or 100 trials. To assess conceptual use of oddity the first trial of each problem was used; Trials...

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Superstitious Behavior and Response Stereotypy Prevent the Emergence of Efficient Rule-Governed Behavior in Humans

Richard Pisacreta

The Psychological Record > 1998 > 48 > 2 > 251-274

This study examined whether humans would learn to solve simple problems by applying an efficient rule, that is, concept teaming. Twenty-four college students were shown a series of five letter combinations created from the first three letters of the alphabet (A, B, and C), presented on a computer terminal (e.g., ACAAA). Pressing computer keyboard keys changed the letters of the alphabet. When all...

INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

A Precursor to the Relational Evaluation Procedure: Analyzing Stimulus Equivalence

The Effects of Prior Equivalence Testing and Verbal Instructions on Derived Self-Discrimination Transfer: A Follow-Up Study

Prior Learning and Equivalence Class Formation

Stimulus Familiarity and the Delayed Emergence of Stimulus Equivalence or Consistent Nonequivalence

The Effects of Sexually Explicit Words on the Formation of Stimulus Equivalence Classes

The Phantom Array: A Perisaccadic Illusion of Visual Direction

Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Counting in a Computerized Testing Paradigm

Book Review

The Effects Of Instructions On Human Matching

Superstitious Math Performance: Interactions between Rules and Scheduled Contingencies

Is Acquired Tolerance to Hypothermia Susceptible to Extinction?

The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward An Understanding Of Stimulus Equivalence

Punishment Generalization Gradients with Humans

Individual Differences in Cognitive Addition

Books Received

Effects of Differing Instructional Histories on the Resurgence Of Rule-Following

Symmetry Versus Sequentiality Related to Prior Training, Sequential Dependency of Stimuli, and Verbal Labeling

Effects of Response Cost in Computerized Programmed Instruction

An Investigation of Oddity Concept Learning by Rats

Superstitious Behavior and Response Stereotypy Prevent the Emergence of Efficient Rule-Governed Behavior in Humans

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