The Psychological Record

Items from 1 to 20 out of 52 results

article

Schedules of Reinforcement at 50: A Retrospective Appreciation

David L. Morgan

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 151-172

Published just over a half century ago, Schedules of Reinforcement (Sor) (Fer- ster & Skinner, 1957) marked the seminal empirical contribution of the book’s second author and ushered in an era of research on behavior-environment relationships. This article traces the origins of both the methods and the data presented in Sor, and its legacy within experimental psychology. The operant methodology...

article

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Exploring the Impact of Private Versus Public Contexts and the Response Latency Criterion on Pro-White and Anti-Black Stereotyping Among White Irish Individuals

Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Aisling Murphy, Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Ian Stewart

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 57-79

The current research comprised two experiments that employed the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit racial attitudes. White Irish participants were exposed to blocks of trials that involved responding in a manner consistent with either a pro-white stereotype or a pro-black stereotype. In Experiment 1, participants completed the IRAP in either a public or private...

article

The Problem is not Learning: Facilitated Acquisition of Stimulus Equivalence Classes Among Low-Achieving college students

Amanda C. Adcock, Rhonda M. Merwin, Kelly G. Wilson, Chad E. Drake, more

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 43-55

The present study examines whether facilitated acquisition occurs in contexts when 1 stimulus in a class is emotionally evocative and the other stimuli are arbitrary or neutral. Undergraduates with high and low grade-point averages (GPA) completed a matching-to-sample task that resulted in the formation of 3 stimulus equivalence classes. Each class contained 2 arbitrary stimuli and 1 non- arbitrary...

article

Foundations of evolutionary psychology

Noel W. Smith

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 177-179

article

Effects of Response-Signal Temporal Separation on Behavior Maintained Under Temporally Defined Schedules of Delayed Signaled Reinforcement

Marco A. Pulido, Guillermo Martínez

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 115-136

The present study assessed the effects of systematically separating the cue from the response in temporally defined schedules of delayed signaled reinforcement. Identical schedules were used to study the effects of the independent variable on response acquisition and response maintenance. In the first experiment, 8 groups of 3 naive rats were exposed to 1 of 8 temporally defined schedules that differed...

article

Philosophy of Science, with Special Consideration Given to Behaviorism as the Philosophy of the Science of Behavior

J. Moore

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 137-150

The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy that critically examines the foundations, assumptions, methods, products, and implications of the activity called science. The present sketch reviews the historical development of the philosophy of science, representative individuals in the field, and topics of longstanding interest. The sketch is intended to prepare readers for subsequent discussions...

article

Time of Semester as a Factor in Participants’ Obedience to Instructions to Perform an Aversive Task

Douglas J. Navarick, John A. Bellone

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 101-114

Students repeatedly chose between brief reinforcement (cartoon viewing) followed by a long time-out and extended reinforcement followed by a brief time-out. They infrequently chose the former schedule, which they rated as “unpleasant.” Then they were instructed to choose only this subjectively aver- sive schedule. When participants were informed that leaving would not interfere with the research and...

article

The accidental mind: How brain evolution has given us love, memory, dreams, and God

Thomas R. Zentall

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 173-176

article

An Exploration of Remote History Effects in Humans: II. The Effects Under Fixed-Interval, Variable-Interval, and Fixed-Ratio Schedules

Hiroto Okouchi

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 27-41

Five undergraduates responded under a fixed-ratio (FR) 145 schedule, and 5 others responded under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 20-s schedule. Both groups were then exposed to a differential-reinforcement-of- rates-with-pacing 1 s < interresponse time (IRT) ≤ 2 s schedule. Following this, probe sessions under fixed-interval (FI) 20-s, variable-interval (VI) 20-s, and Fr 145 schedules...

article

Varieties of Stimulus Control in Matching-to-Sample: A Kernel Analysis

Lanny Fields, Michelle Garruto, Mari Watanabe

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 3-26

Conditional discrimination or matching-to-sample procedures have been used to study a wide range of complex psychological phenomena with infrahuman and human subjects. In most studies, the percentage of trials in which a subject selects the comparison stimulus that is related to the sample stimulus is used to index the control exerted by the relation between the stimuli. Performances indexed by percentage...

article

Examining the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Four Preliminary Studies

Chad E. Drake, Karen Kate Kellum, Kelly G. Wilson, Jason B. Luoma, more

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 1 > 81-100

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) is a relatively new measure of implicit cognition that tests cognition as relational behavior instead of an associative activity and thus may provide a more specific measure of cognitive repertoires, including those for social biases, than better known implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A small body of IRAP research provides...

article

The Selective Impact of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior on Empirical Research: A Reply to Schlinger (2008)

Simon Dymond, Benigno Alonso-Álvarez

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 355-360

In a recent article, Schlinger (2008) marked the 50th anniversary of the publication of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (1957) by considering its impact on the field of behaviorism and research on verbal behavior. In the present article, we comment on Schlinger’s conclusions regarding the impact of the book and highlight the extensions and alternatives to Skinner’s account proposed by research on stimulus...

article

Internet Addiction and Delay Discounting in College Students

Bryan K. Saville, Amanda Gisbert, Jason Kopp, Carolyn Telesco

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 273-286

To examine the relation between Internet addiction and delay discounting, we gave 276 college students a survey designed to measure Internet addiction and a paper-based delay-discounting task. In edour larger sample, we identified 14 students who met the criteria for Internet addiction; we also identified 14 matched controls who were similar to the Internet-addicted students in terms of gender, age,...

article

On Misconceptions About Behavior Analysis Among University Students and Teachers

Erik Arntzen, Jon Lokke, Gunn Lokke, Dag-Erik Eilertsen

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 325-336

Students frequently show misconceptions regarding scientific psychology in general and basic concepts in behavior analysis in particular. We wanted to replicate the study by Lamal (1995) and to expand the study by including some additional statements. In the current study, the focus was on misconceptions about behavior analysis held by undergraduates, by students in a master program in behavior analysis,...

article

Measures of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Mainstream and BDSM Sexual Terms Using the IRAP and Questionnaire With BDSM/Fetish and Student Participants

Fawna M. J. Stockwell, Diana J. Walker, John W. Eshleman

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 307-324

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) examines implicit attitudes through the measurement of response latencies. In this study, the IRAP was used to assess implicit attitudes toward “mainstream” sexual terms (e.g., Kissing) and “BDSM” terms (e.g., Bondage) among individuals reporting BDSM interests and among students who did not report such interests. A questionnaire was used to measure...

article

Response of Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Atrox) to Chemical Cues of Mice (Mus Musculus) of Different Genders and Reproductive Status

Anthony J. Saviola, David Chiszar, Matthew T. Bealor, Hobart M. Smith

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 217-225

Eight western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) were exposed to 6 stimuli: (1) clean, unused bedding; (2) an adult male mouse; (3) an adult lactating female mouse; (4) an adult lactating female mouse with a litter; (5) 2 adult nonlactating female mice, to control for the extra surface area in Condition 4; and (6) a litter of newborn mice. All stimuli were presented in opaque plastic boxes...

article

Unique Outcome Expectations as a Training and Pedagogical Tool

Leh Woon Mok, Angeles F. Estevez, J. Bruce Overmier

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 227-247

The learning of the relations between discriminative stimuli, choice actions, and their outcomes can be characterized as conditional discriminative choice learning. Research shows that the technique of presenting unique outcomes for specific cued choices leads to faster and more accurate learning of such relations and has great potential to be developed into a training and pedagogical tool to help...

article

Using the Implicit Association Test and the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure to Measure Attitudes Toward Meat and Vegetables in Vegetarians and Meat-Eaters

Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Louise Murtagh, Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Ian Stewart

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 287-305

The current study aimed to assess the implicit attitudes of vegetarians and non-vegetarians towards meat and vegetables, using the Implicit Association Test (Iat) and the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Both measures involved asking participants to respond, under time pressure, to pictures of meat or vegetables as either positive or negative stimuli. Response latency data gathered...

article

The Valued Living Questionnaire: Defining and Measuring Valued Action within a Behavioral Framework

Kelly G. Wilson, Emily K. Sandoz, Jennifer Kitchens, Miguel Roberts

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 249-272

A number of cognitive-behavior therapies now strongly emphasize particular behavioral processes as mediators of clinical change specific to that therapy. This shift in emphasis calls for the development of measures sensitive to changes in the therapies’ processes. Among these is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which posits valued living as one of its primary core processes. This article offers...

article

Ronald J. Schusterman (1932–2010)

The Psychological Record > 2010 > 60 > 2 > 183-184

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CHOICE (4)
STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE (4)
AUTISM (3)
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (3)
IMPLICIT RELATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE (3)
ADULTS (2)
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BRELAND (2)
CHILDREN (2)
DELAY DISCOUNTING (2)
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RESPONSE LATENCY (2)
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INTERRESPONSE TIMES (1)
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The Psychological Record

Schedules of Reinforcement at 50: A Retrospective Appreciation

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Exploring the Impact of Private Versus Public Contexts and the Response Latency Criterion on Pro-White and Anti-Black Stereotyping Among White Irish Individuals

The Problem is not Learning: Facilitated Acquisition of Stimulus Equivalence Classes Among Low-Achieving college students

Foundations of evolutionary psychology

Effects of Response-Signal Temporal Separation on Behavior Maintained Under Temporally Defined Schedules of Delayed Signaled Reinforcement

Philosophy of Science, with Special Consideration Given to Behaviorism as the Philosophy of the Science of Behavior

Time of Semester as a Factor in Participants’ Obedience to Instructions to Perform an Aversive Task

The accidental mind: How brain evolution has given us love, memory, dreams, and God

An Exploration of Remote History Effects in Humans: II. The Effects Under Fixed-Interval, Variable-Interval, and Fixed-Ratio Schedules

Varieties of Stimulus Control in Matching-to-Sample: A Kernel Analysis

Examining the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Four Preliminary Studies

The Selective Impact of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior on Empirical Research: A Reply to Schlinger (2008)

Internet Addiction and Delay Discounting in College Students

On Misconceptions About Behavior Analysis Among University Students and Teachers

Measures of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Mainstream and BDSM Sexual Terms Using the IRAP and Questionnaire With BDSM/Fetish and Student Participants

Response of Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Atrox) to Chemical Cues of Mice (Mus Musculus) of Different Genders and Reproductive Status

Unique Outcome Expectations as a Training and Pedagogical Tool

Using the Implicit Association Test and the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure to Measure Attitudes Toward Meat and Vegetables in Vegetarians and Meat-Eaters

The Valued Living Questionnaire: Defining and Measuring Valued Action within a Behavioral Framework

Ronald J. Schusterman (1932–2010)

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