The Psychological Record

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Book Reviews

Dennis J. Delprato, Sarah Murnen

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 167-170

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Establishing Fraction-Decimal Equivalence Using A Respondent-Type Training Procedure

Geraldine Leader, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 151-165

The purpose of this study was to teach children fractiondecimal equivalence using the respondent-type training procedure and test for any emergent generalization. In the first experiment, subjects were respondently trained on the conditional discriminations; A1→B1, A2→B2, and tested B1-A1, B2-A2. Subjects were then trained on the conditional discriminations C1→B1, C2→B2 and tested B1-C1, B2-C2. Subjects...

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The Effects of Response Topography on Functional Equivalence Class Formation

Robert Bones, Michael Keenan, Darren Askin, Louise Adams, more

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 89-110

To examine the transfer of function phenomenon two 3- member equivalence classes were established using the typical selection response of key pressing (A 1, 81, C1, & A2, 82, C2). One 3-member class was then made functionally equivalent by training a topographically distinct response (clapping) to A 1 and obtaining clapping at 81 and C1. Five experiments examined the effects of adding a new function...

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Religion and Cultural Survival

Ramona Houmanfar, Linda J. Hayes, Debra W. Fredericks

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 19-37

The role of religious practices in cultural evolution and the interrelations of religious and other cultural practices are the topics of this paper. This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the social and historical conditions of which religious practices have been generated. Additionally, the relation of religious practices to the outcome of cultural survival is discussed. Our analysis draws...

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Generalized Break Equivalence I

Serafín Gómez, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, M. Carmen Luciano

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 131-150

The present study attempted to produce generalized break equivalence responding with 5 adult subjects. A Generalized Break Equivalence Pattern (GBEP) involved responding in accordance with symmetry and transitivity but not with equivalence in new situations. That is, having been trained in two conditional discriminations, A1- B1/A2-B2 and B1-C1/B2-C2, subjects should produce the following derived...

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Connectionism Isn’t Just for Cognitive Science: Neural Networks as Methodological Tools

Robert McMillen, Tracy Henley

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 3-18

Neural networks are presented as a complementary methodological tool to common statistical methods for certain types of classification problems. Prior research has suggested that neural networks can classify cases more accurately than many commonly used statistical techniques in situations where a data set does not fully meet the required assumptions, there are missing data, or there is a large amount...

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Generalization of Say-Do Correspondence

M. Carmen Luciano, Javier Herruzo, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 111-130

Say-do correspondence training establishes a relation between what a person says and then does, or does and then reports. The conditions that establish the generalized form of this behaviorbehavior relation have not been thoroughly investigated. The current study analyzes two conditions, or types of histories, giving rise to the generalization of say-do correspondence. Eleven preschool children, ages...

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A Methodological Integration of Generalized Equivalence Classes, Natural Categories, and Cross-Modal Perception

Lanny Fields, Kenneth F. Reeve

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 67-87

A generalized equivalence class contains some stimuli that are perceptually disparate and others that resemble one another. They all function as members of a generalized equivalence class when all of them occasion the selection of the others in the set, and a response trained to one or a few are occasioned by all other stimuli in the set. This article formalizes the structural relations among the...

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Time-Out Punishment of Long Pauses on Fixed-Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Adam Derenne, Alan Baron

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 39-51

Although pre-ratio pausing is a characteristic feature of fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement, pausing reduces the rate at which reinforcement is earned. To determine whether FR pausing can be altered, 7 rats were studied with procedures in which long pauses were punished with time-out from reinforcement. A general finding was that pausing is modifiable. However, tendencies to pause were highly...

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Cross-Modal Stimulus Class Formation in Rats

Esho Nakagawa

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 1 > 53-66

This experiment examined the whole-partial effect of overtraining in concurrent discriminations using two different sensory modality tasks (tactual and visual task) and assessed the effect against single discrimination training in rats. Overtraining facilitated reversals in both Group W, in which rats were given concurrent training on two tasks in the original learning before both tasks were reversed,...

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Correspondence Between Instructions, Performance, and Self-Descriptions in A Conditional Discrimination Task: The Effects of Feedback and Type of Matching Response

Emilio Ribes, Mar’ia Elena Rodríguez

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 309-333

Four experiments were designed to evaluate the functional correspondence of effective performance with correct or incorrect instructions and correct or incorrect self-descriptions in a first-order matching-to-sample task. These studies included verbal or nonverbal matching responses and provided feedback or not after the participants described their matching performance. The results point to three...

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Book Reviews

Dennis J. Delprato

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 335-335

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Effects of Sequential Respondings on Spatial Delayed Matching-To-Sample in Pigeons (Columba livia)

Yumiko Yamazaki, Masaya Sato

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 271-285

In Experiment 1, three groups of pigeons were trained in delayed matching-to-sample procedures to investigate the effects of successive responses to a pair of sample or comparison stimuli as compared to responses to a single key. The group that was required to respond sequentially both to the sample and comparison stimuli (Group SEQ-SEQ) was the slowest to reach the criterion. Group SEQ-SG, which...

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The Effect of Male Familiarity on Proximity Time in Female Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

Mary E. McLaughlin, Katherine E. Bruce

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 237-250

Among live-bearing fish, females often prefer larger or more colorful males, or males engaging in ritualized courtship. However, in eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, the factors affecting females’ choice of males are unclear. We tested whether female Gambusia prefer to spend time near unfamiliar males over males with whom they have prior experience, expecting that females would prefer unfamiliar...

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Exemplar Training and a Derived Transformation of Function in Accordance with Symmetry

Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Bryan Roche, Paul M. Smeets

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 287-308

The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether exemplar training would readily facilitate the transformation of function in accordance with symmetry. Sixteen children, aged between 4 and 5 years, were employed across four experiments (i.e., 4 children each in Experiments 1 to 4). In Experiment 1, subjects were first trained to name two actions and two objects by demonstrating listening,...

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Directed Forgetting in Explicit and Implicit Memory: The Role of Encoding and Retrieval Mechanisms

David E. Fleck, Daniel B. Berch, Paula K. Shear, Stephen M. Strakowski

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 207-221

Despite the fact that directed-forgetting effects have been attributed to either retrieval inhibition or selective encoding, there has been no compelling evidence to suggest that either mechanism regulates performance in both implicit and explicit memory. Therefore, in two experiments we sought (a) to determine whether directed forgetting influences tests of implicit (lexical decision) and explicit...

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Do Chimpanzees Have Expectations About Reward Presentation Following Correct Performance on Computerized Cognitive Testing?

Michael J. Beran

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 173-183

To investigate whether 2 chimpanzees had expectations regarding the outcome of their responses on a computerized task, food reward that typically was given for correct responses was withheld on some correctly completed trials. There were two types of these probe trials: those which the chimpanzees performed correctly on their own, and those during which the chimpanzees needed the experimenter’s assistance...

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Reversal Learning in Concurrent Discriminations in Rats

Esho Nakagawa

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 251-269

Two experiments examined the partial reversal versus whole reversal advantage effect of which the reversal was mastered faster when only one of two discriminations was reversed than when both discriminations were reversed after criterion training in two concurrent discriminations. In Experiment 1, rats were trained to criterion on two choice concurrent discriminations. Subsequently, Group Partial,...

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Gender Differences and Similarities in Adolescents’ Ways of Coping

Bettina Piko

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 223-235

Various factors have an influence on which coping strategies are mobilized under specific circumstances, among others, age and gender. The present paper focuses on the interrelationships between the ways of coping and some health-related variables in adolescence. Data were collected among secondary school students (n = 1039) in Szeged, Hungary. Factor analysis of the shortened and adapted version...

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Acquisition, Generalization, and Contextual Control of Taxonomic and Thematic Relational Responding

J. Grayson Osborne, Louis Koppel

The Psychological Record > 2001 > 51 > 2 > 185-205

In three experiments, college students performed either 2- or 3- comparison conditional discriminations (arbitrary matching to sample) that utilized 64 different configurations composed of drawings. Within each configuration, one comparison related to the sample taxonomically, one related thematically, and, where there was a third comparison, it did not relate to the sample. In training phases, subjects...

INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

Book Reviews

Establishing Fraction-Decimal Equivalence Using A Respondent-Type Training Procedure

The Effects of Response Topography on Functional Equivalence Class Formation

Religion and Cultural Survival

Generalized Break Equivalence I

Connectionism Isn’t Just for Cognitive Science: Neural Networks as Methodological Tools

Generalization of Say-Do Correspondence

A Methodological Integration of Generalized Equivalence Classes, Natural Categories, and Cross-Modal Perception

Time-Out Punishment of Long Pauses on Fixed-Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Cross-Modal Stimulus Class Formation in Rats

Correspondence Between Instructions, Performance, and Self-Descriptions in A Conditional Discrimination Task: The Effects of Feedback and Type of Matching Response

Book Reviews

Effects of Sequential Respondings on Spatial Delayed Matching-To-Sample in Pigeons (Columba livia)

The Effect of Male Familiarity on Proximity Time in Female Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

Exemplar Training and a Derived Transformation of Function in Accordance with Symmetry

Directed Forgetting in Explicit and Implicit Memory: The Role of Encoding and Retrieval Mechanisms

Do Chimpanzees Have Expectations About Reward Presentation Following Correct Performance on Computerized Cognitive Testing?

Reversal Learning in Concurrent Discriminations in Rats

Gender Differences and Similarities in Adolescents’ Ways of Coping

Acquisition, Generalization, and Contextual Control of Taxonomic and Thematic Relational Responding

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