The Psychological Record

Items from 1 to 20 out of 34 results

article

Do High- and Low-Active Adolescents Have Different Prototypes of Physically Active Peers?

Noémi Keresztes, Bettina F. Piko, Frederick X. Gibbons, Charles D. Spielberger

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 39-52

Previous studies have investigated social images in health-risk behaviors, suggesting that these images are important factors in adolescents’ health-related decisions. In this study, 548 secondary school students (aged 14-21 years, M = 16.5 years, SD = 1.3) in Szeged, Hungary, were tested to determine how social attitudes influence the development of exercise prototypes. Physical activity behavior...

article

Psychological Events and Constructs: An Alliance with Smith

Mitch J. Fryling, Linda J. Hayes

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 133-141

The distinction between constructs and events is often overlooked in the sciences, as evidenced by a number of long-standing confusions of the former with the latter. The authors propose that the distinction between constructs and events is particularly important in the science of psychology, as psychological events have a number of unique characteristics that make this confusion more likely than...

article

Three Chronometric Indices of Relational Responding as Predictors of Performance on a Brief Intelligence Test: The Importance of Relational Flexibility

Catriona O’Toole, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 119-132

Participants completed a before/after and a similar/different relational task, using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), and subsequently took the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT). For each relational task, response latencies were measured first on consistent trials, where participants responded in accordance with preestablished verbal relations, and then on inconsistent trials,...

article

Fluency Training a Writing Skill: Editing for Concision

Marshall L. Dermer, Shannon L. Lopez, Paul A. Messling

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 3-20

The goal of this study was to design and evaluate fluency-based training units to help students eliminate inconcision. Participants first completed a 1.5-hr lesson on writing concisely and then a 5-min test during which they edited sentences containing inconcise text from the training units. Subsequently, participants were randomly assigned to an intervention package that included fluency training...

article

The Role of Verbal Behavior, Stimulus Nameability, and Familiarity on the Equivalence Performances of Autistic and Normally Developing Children

Jennifer O’Connor, Aoife Rafferty, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Yvonne Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 53-74

The emergence of equivalence relations and the role of overall verbal competence and stimulus nameability and familiarity in this regard were investigated across 3 experiments involving 15 children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as 3 typically developing children. The experimental sequence comprised 4 identical stages, each with 4 phases. The relationship between verbal competence...

article

The Cambridge handbook of consciousness

Noel W. Smith

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 143-148

article

Multiple Functions in Equivalence Classes

Brian McVeigh, Mickey Keenan

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 93-117

Four experiments examined the effects of training a “drawing” response to each of three stimuli in a 5-member equivalence class. In Experiment 1 the stimuli were an arbitrary word, a shape, or a mathematical symbol. Subjects then were trained to draw a separate component of a stickman at each of the 3 stimuli. Subsequent tests for function transfer revealed a variety of novel drawings along with the...

article

Performance under Competitive and Self-Competitive Fixed-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

Bryan K. Saville

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 21-38

Participants completed blocks of trials under simple (i.e., work-alone), competitive, and self-competitive fixed-interval 20-s schedules of reinforcement. In general, response rates were highest during competition and lowest while working alone. In addition, whereas participants emitted responses at a constant rate while working alone, competitive responses often followed a break-and-run pattern;...

article

Establishing Derived Manding for Specific Amounts with Three Children: An Attempt at Synthesizing Skinner’s Verbal Behavior with Relational Frame Theory

Carol Murphy, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 75-91

Participants were 2 typically developing children, aged 9 and 10 years, and 1 child, aged 4 years, with a reported severe speech delay. Five specific mand functions were trained such that participants learned to mand for the delivery or removal of tokens to the value of −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2, by presenting an arbitrary stimulus (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, respectively). The A stimuli were then incorporated...

article

Book Received

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 1 > 149-151

article

The Empathy Imbalance Hypothesis of Autism: A Theoretical Approach to Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Autistic Development

Adam Smith

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 273-294

There has been a widely held belief that people with autism spectrum disorders lack empathy. This article examines the empathy imbalance hypothesis (EIH) of autism. According to this account, people with autism have a deficit of cognitive empathy but a surfeit of emotional empathy. The behavioral characteristics of autism might be generated by this imbalance and a susceptibility to empathic overarousal...

article

Electrophysiological Activity Generated During the Implicit Association Test: A Study Using Event-Related Potentials

Catriona O’Toole, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 207-219

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) examines the differential association of 2 target concepts with 2 attribute concepts. Responding is predicted to be faster on consistent trials, when concepts that are associated in memory share a response key, than on inconsistent trials, when less associated items share a key. In the current study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants...

article

Temporal Discounting of Hypothetical Monetary Rewards by Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults

Robert Whelan, Louise A. McHugh

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 247-258

The present experiment examined temporal discounting across 3 different age bands: adolescents, adults, and older adults (mean ages 14, 46, and 73 years, respectively). A computerized task was employed in which participants were asked to choose between larger rewards available at a specified time in the future—either £100 or £1,000 (approximately $200 and $2,000, respectively)— or a smaller reward...

article

Exclusion Learning and Emergent Symbolic Category Formation in Individuals With Severe Language Impairments and Intellectual Disabilities

Krista M. Wilkinson, Celia Rosenquist, William J. McIlvane

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 187-205

We evaluated formation of simple symbolic categories from initial learning of specific dictated word-picture relations through emergence of untaught or derived relations. Participants were 10 individuals with severe intellectual and language limitations. Three experimental categories were constructed, each containing 1 spoken word (Set A), 1 photograph (Set B), and 1 visual-graphic “lexigram” (Set...

article

Derived Comparative and Transitive Relations in Young Children with and Without Autism

Marie Gorham, Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Nicholas Berens

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 221-246

The current study comprised 2 experiments to generate relational responding in typically developing children and children with autism. In Study 1, the children were exposed to a problem-solving task that involved the presentation of 2, 3, or 4 identically sized coins to test and train the arbitrary relations of more than and less than. All 8 children failed baseline tests involving 4 coins and were...

article

Does Stevens’s Power Law for Brightness Extend to Perceptual Brightness Averaging?

Ben Bauer

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 171-185

Stevens’s power law (Ψ∝Φ^ß) captures the relationship between physical (Φ) and perceived (Ψ) magnitude for many stimulus continua (e.g., luminance and brightness, weight and heaviness, area and size). The exponent (ß) indicates whether perceptual magnitude grows more slowly than physical magnitude (ß < 1), directly as physical magnitude (ß ≈ 1), or more quickly than physical magnitude (ß > 1)...

article

Reexamination of the Association Between Anonymity and Self-Interested Unethical Behavior in Adults

Tatsuya Nogami

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 259-272

The well-established notion that the frequency of self-interested unethical behavior increases among anonymous people was reexamined employing a more strict definition of anonymity, voluntary unethical behavior, and adult individuals. Anonymity was defined as nonassociability of the participant’s traits with respect to unethical behavior. The participant’s identity and a monetary reward were manipulated...

article

Mind and Its Evolution: A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach

Dennis J. Delprato

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 295-300

article

Reviving the Milgram Obedience Paradigm in the Era of Informed Consent

Douglas J. Navarick

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 155-170

Participants repeatedly chose between 25 s of cartoon video followed by 5 s of time-out and 5 s of cartoon video followed by 25 s of time-out. In the first 15 min, participants chose the former schedule on 80% of trials. In the second 15 min, they were instructed to choose only the latter. When informed that leaving would not be a problem for the researcher because enough data were already collected,...

article

The Power of Reinforcement: A Review

Adam H. Doughty, Marie C. Shields

The Psychological Record > 2009 > 59 > 2 > 313-319

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Keywords

EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE (3)
DYSPHORIC MOOD (2)
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE CLASS (2)
HUMAN SUFFERING (2)
INTERBEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY (2)
INTERBEHAVIORISM (2)
MOOD INDUCTION (2)
PRIVATE EVENTS (2)
RUMINATION (2)
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (1)
ADULT HUMANS (1)
ADULT PARTICIPANTS (1)
ALCOHOL ABUSE (1)
ARBITRARY PICTURES (1)
BEHAVIOR SENSITIVITY TO CHANGE (1)
BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY (1)
COLLEGE STUDENTS (1)
COMORBID DISORDERS (1)
CONTINGENCY CONTROL (1)
CULTURAL EVENTS (1)
CULTURAL SCIENCE (1)
DEPRESSION (1)
DERIVED ABSTRACT RELATIONS (1)
FIELD THEORY (1)
HUMAN ADULTS (1)
HUMANS (1)
IMPLICIT ATTITUDES (1)
IMPLICIT BELIEFS (1)
IMPLICIT COGNITION (1)
IMPLICIT RELATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE (1)
INTERACTIONAL HISTORY (1)
INTERDEPENDENT EVENTS (1)
INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES (1)
J. R. KANTOR (1)
MULTIPLE EXEMPLARS (1)
NODAL DISTANCE (1)
PATTERNS OF PREFERENCE (1)
PROBLEMATIC CONCEPTUALIZATIONS (1)
PSYCHOLOGICAL EVENTS (1)
RELATIONAL FRAME THEORY (1)
RULE-GOVERNED BEHAVIOR (1)
RULES (1)
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT (1)
SELF-RULES (1)
SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT (1)
SOCIAL ATTITUDES (1)
STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE (1)
SUBJECT MATTER (1)
SUBSTANCE USE (1)
SYSTEM BUILDING (1)
THEORY (1)
TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTION (1)
VARIATION (1)
VERBAL BEHAVIOR (1)
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The Psychological Record

Do High- and Low-Active Adolescents Have Different Prototypes of Physically Active Peers?

Psychological Events and Constructs: An Alliance with Smith

Three Chronometric Indices of Relational Responding as Predictors of Performance on a Brief Intelligence Test: The Importance of Relational Flexibility

Fluency Training a Writing Skill: Editing for Concision

The Role of Verbal Behavior, Stimulus Nameability, and Familiarity on the Equivalence Performances of Autistic and Normally Developing Children

The Cambridge handbook of consciousness

Multiple Functions in Equivalence Classes

Performance under Competitive and Self-Competitive Fixed-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

Establishing Derived Manding for Specific Amounts with Three Children: An Attempt at Synthesizing Skinner’s Verbal Behavior with Relational Frame Theory

Book Received

The Empathy Imbalance Hypothesis of Autism: A Theoretical Approach to Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Autistic Development

Electrophysiological Activity Generated During the Implicit Association Test: A Study Using Event-Related Potentials

Temporal Discounting of Hypothetical Monetary Rewards by Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults

Exclusion Learning and Emergent Symbolic Category Formation in Individuals With Severe Language Impairments and Intellectual Disabilities

Derived Comparative and Transitive Relations in Young Children with and Without Autism

Does Stevens’s Power Law for Brightness Extend to Perceptual Brightness Averaging?

Reexamination of the Association Between Anonymity and Self-Interested Unethical Behavior in Adults

Mind and Its Evolution: A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach

Reviving the Milgram Obedience Paradigm in the Era of Informed Consent

The Power of Reinforcement: A Review

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