The Psychological Record

Items from 1 to 20 out of 632 results

article

Book reviews

Marshall Lev Dermer, Edward K. Morris

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 351-354

article

Behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness

Simon Dymond, Dermot Barnes

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 181-200

The current paper provides an overview of behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness. Skinner (1974) argued that the phenomenon of self-awareness is produced, in large part, by those social contingencies that reinforce discrimination of the organism’s own behavior. This view of self-awareness is supported by a range of empirical studies that successfully established self-discrimination performances...

article

Mythmaking: How introductory psychology texts present B. F. Skinner’s analysis of cognition

Robert Jensen, Helene Burgess

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 221-232

Fifteen introductory psychology textbooks are examined to determine the accuracy and completeness of their treatment of B. F. Skinner’s approach to human activities commonly referred to as cognitive processes. Six of the textbooks ignore Skinner’s contribution to the study of cognitive variables altogether, four deny that Skinner had anything to say about such processes and five textbooks acknowledge...

article

Verbal community reinforcement, with an illustration using the Esoteric Buddhist concepts of Fuse and Muzai No Nanase

Bernard Guerin, Sejima Junichiro

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 233-242

Problems with Skinner’s (1957) definition of verbal behavior are raised and one possible solution is presented. It is suggested that the way in which verbal communities shape behavior is distinctive—unlike the physical environment, verbal communities have culturally evolved a system of extremely generalized conditions for reinforcement which allows arbitrary relations to be shaped—and therefore could...

article

Individual performance as a function of individual and group pay contingencies

Judith A. Honeywell, Alyce M. Dickinson, Alan Poling

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 261-274

An alternating-treatment design was used to compare the productivity of college students engaged in a card-sorting task under an individual monetary incentive system and a 10-member group monetary incentive system. In both pay conditions, subjects received a base pay plus incentives contingent upon the number of cards sorted in 20-minute sessions. In the individual incentive condition, subjects earned...

article

Schedule control over following instructions comprised of novel combinations of verbal stimuli

Marshall Lev Dermer, James G. Rodgers

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 243-260

To examine schedule control over following instructions comprised of novel combinations of verbal stimuli, three children, from 8 to 10 years old, received either continuous or intermittent reinforcement for a chain of buying and then following such instructions. Later, a series of training-extinction tests was conducted. During the training trials, the chain produced either continuous or intermittent...

article

Establishing stimulus classes in adults and children using a respondent-type training procedure: A follow-up study

Paul M. Smeets, Geraldine Leader, Dermot Barnes

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 285-308

This study examined the effects of a successive stimulus pairing procedure (respondent training) on formation of conditional discriminations and equivalence classes. Different training protocols (linear, many-to-one, one-to-many), and training and test arrangements (simultaneous, simple-to-complex) were used. A simultaneous protocol was used in Experiment 1. During training, adults were exposed to...

article

The effect of water deprivation on shock-escape impairment after exposure to inescapable shock

Michael F. Stromberg, Philip J. Bersh, Wayne G. Whitehouse, Paul Neuman, more

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 335-350

Water deprivation during inescapable shock exposure and a shuttle escape test 24 hours later (Experiment 1), during shuttle escape training only (Experiment 2), or during inescapable shock exposure only (Experiment 3a), ameliorated the shock-escape impairment normally seen following exposure to inescapable shock. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 could be attributed to increased activity produced...

article

Enhancement of spatial navigation ability in older rats following chronic administration of the alpha₂ noradrenergic antagonist piperoxane

David M. Compton, Kerri L. Dietrich, Jeffrey S. Smith

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 321-334

The noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus has been implicated in a variety of processes including reinforcement, attention, and acquisition and retention of learned behaviors. Its dense projections, some of which are shared by the cholinergic system, provide an ideal network within which to study the cognitive impairments related to aging. The current investigation explored the effects of piperoxane,...

article

Probability of stimulus equivalence as a function of training design

Erik Arntzen, Per Holth

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 309-320

The present study investigated differential effects of training design on probability of an equivalence outcome. Forty normal adults were assigned to four different groups. Subjects in the first three groups were exposed to a C-A equivalence test directly following linear series (AB and BC), many-to-one (AB and CB), or one-to-many (BA and BC) training, respectively, while the subjects in the fourth...

article

Three contributions of social psychology to the analysis of the behavior-consequence linkage

John H. Kunkel

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 201-220

This article describes major differences in research focus and methods between behavior analysis and social psychology, and it outlines some of the ways in which fruitful cooperation between the two fields can be established. Attribution, optimism, and time horizons are considered to be measures of past behavior-consequence linkages, which provide information about otherwise unknown aspects of people’s...

article

The quick development of equivalence classes in a paper-and-pencil format through written instructions

Svein Eikeseth, Jesus Rosales-Ruiz, Angela Duarte, Donald M. Baer

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 2 > 275-284

This study asked whether a paper-and-pencil protocol can be used to study stimulus equivalence, and whether stimulus equivalence can emerge from conditional discriminations established by verbal instructions. The subjects were undergraduate university students. Of the 28 subjects who acquired the baseline relations defined by the written instructions, 50% responded to those conditional relations as...

article

Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance

Sheila Brownlow, Amy R. Dixon, Carrie A. Egbert, Rebecca D. Radcliffe

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 411-422

Dance is one type of movement that expresses emotion, however perceptions of dance movements and the corresponding trait inferences of the dancer have received no attention in the literature. This study examined how people determine dancer trait and emotion characteristics from point-light displays of dance, and whether dance experience affects differential attunements to dance movements. Dancers...

article

Relative predictive power of the optimism versus the pessimism index of a Chinese version of the Life Orientation Test

Julian C. L. Lai

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 399-410

To examine the dimensionality of the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (a measure of optimism) in Hong Kong Chinese, a Chinese version of the LOT, a physical symptoms checklist, and the Chinese Affect Scale were administered to two separate samples of 230 undergraduates and 173 working adults. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the LOT was split between the optimism and the pessimism indices in both...

article

Is a final theory conceivable?

Donald W. Zimmerman

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 423-438

Some physicists believe that a final theory, which will unify separate branches of theoretical physics, including quantum field theory and general relativity, is imminent. The physicists who expect such a theory typically assume that ultimate natural laws will be expressed by the same mathematical formalism which is associated with present-day physics. This view is questionable, because mathematics...

article

The long-term habituation of sexual arousal in human males: A crossover design

Joseph J. Plaud, George A. Gaither, Susan Amato Henderson, Mary K. Devitt

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 385-398

Short-term and long-term habituation of sexual arousal was investigated in a crossover design. Nine subjects completed six sessions semiweekly for 3 consecutive weeks. Sessions were scheduled at least 2 days but not more than 4 days apart. Each session consisted of 15 stimulus periods and 15 detumescence periods. Sexually explicit audio stimuli were administered. There were two conditions in the crossover...

article

Human geography and behavior analysis: An application of behavior analysis to the explanation of the evolution of human landscapes

William Norton

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 439-460

Human geography is a social science concerned primarily with data-based analyses and the utilization of various theoretical constructs mostly developed in other social science disciplines. A discussion of the character of human geography supports the suggestion that human geographic analyses of landscapes will benefit from employment of additional theories, specifically from a judicious interpretation...

article

The relationship between provocation frequency and human aggressive responding

Don R. Cherek, Donald M. Dougherty

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 357-370

Six adults participated in an experiment designed to study the effects of provocation frequency, that is, point subtractions, on free-operant aggressive responding. Subjects were given two response options on separate buttons labeled “A” and “B.” Pressing Button A was maintained by a fixed-ratio 100 schedule of point presentation. A counter was incremented when a point was earned, and these points...

article

The perception and attribution of facial asymmetry in normal adults

Rotem Kowner

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 371-384

This study examined the effect of a target person’s facial asymmetry on observers’ attributions of emotion and personality, as well as appearance judgment. The first experiment investigated attributions to resting asymmetrical faces of 20 normal healthy young adults versus their symmetrical hemifacial composites. The second experiment used the same procedure with 24 expressive faces. The findings...

article

A matching law analysis of the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run

Terry W. Belke, Jason Neubauer

The Psychological Record > 1997 > 47 > 3 > 483-498

In the present study, the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run for a brief period of time was investigated using Herrnstein’s (1970) matching law equation. Eight male Wistar rats were trained to respond on levers for the opportunity to run. In each session, subjects were exposed to a series of tandem fixed ratio 1 variable-interval schedules. An opportunity to run...

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DELAY DISCOUNTING (13)
CHOICE (10)
IMPULSIVITY (8)
RELATIONAL FRAME THEORY (8)
EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE (7)
STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE (7)
COLLEGE STUDENTS (6)
HUMANS (6)
IMPLICIT RELATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE (6)
AUTISM (5)
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (5)
IMPLICIT COGNITION (5)
VERBAL BEHAVIOR (5)
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (4)
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS (4)
DISCOUNTING (4)
IRAP (4)
RELATIONAL RESPONDING (4)
RUMINATION (4)
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT (3)
DECISION MAKING (3)
DEPRESSION (3)
EXTINCTION (3)
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE CLASS (3)
IMPLICIT ATTITUDES (3)
INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE (3)
MATCHING LAW (3)
MOTIVATION (3)
OBESITY (3)
PRIVATE EVENTS (3)
PROBABILITY DISCOUNTING (3)
RATS (3)
SELF-CONTROL (3)
TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING (3)
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) (2)
ADULT HUMANS (2)
ADULTS (2)
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (2)
ASSOCIATIVE (2)
ATTITUDES (2)
B. F. SKINNER (2)
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE MODEL (2)
BRELAND (2)
CATEGORIZATION (2)
CHILDREN (2)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (2)
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (2)
COHERENCE (2)
CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION (2)
CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATIONS (2)
CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION (2)
CONDITIONING (2)
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (2)
DECISION-MAKING (2)
DEICTIC RELATIONAL RESPONDING (2)
DEMAND (2)
DISPOSITIONS (2)
DRUG DISCRIMINATION (2)
DYSPHORIC MOOD (2)
EMOTION (2)
ESSENTIAL VALUE (2)
ESTABLISHING OPERATIONS (2)
FACTOR ANALYSIS (2)
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS (2)
GAMBLING (2)
HEALTH (2)
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY (2)
HUMAN SUFFERING (2)
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES (2)
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IQ ZOO (2)
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RESPONSE LATENCY (2)
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT (2)
SCHIZOPHRENIA (2)
SELF-ESTEEM (2)
SKIN CANCER (2)
SMOKING (2)
SUSTAINABILITY (2)
THEORY OF MIND (2)
TIME-OF-SEMESTER EFFECTS (2)
TRAINING (2)
AAC (1)
ABSTRACTION (1)
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE (1)
ACCEPTANCE-BASED PSYCHOTHERAPY (1)
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INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

Book reviews

Behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness

Mythmaking: How introductory psychology texts present B. F. Skinner’s analysis of cognition

Verbal community reinforcement, with an illustration using the Esoteric Buddhist concepts of Fuse and Muzai No Nanase

Individual performance as a function of individual and group pay contingencies

Schedule control over following instructions comprised of novel combinations of verbal stimuli

Establishing stimulus classes in adults and children using a respondent-type training procedure: A follow-up study

The effect of water deprivation on shock-escape impairment after exposure to inescapable shock

Enhancement of spatial navigation ability in older rats following chronic administration of the alpha₂ noradrenergic antagonist piperoxane

Probability of stimulus equivalence as a function of training design

Three contributions of social psychology to the analysis of the behavior-consequence linkage

The quick development of equivalence classes in a paper-and-pencil format through written instructions

Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance

Relative predictive power of the optimism versus the pessimism index of a Chinese version of the Life Orientation Test

Is a final theory conceivable?

The long-term habituation of sexual arousal in human males: A crossover design

Human geography and behavior analysis: An application of behavior analysis to the explanation of the evolution of human landscapes

The relationship between provocation frequency and human aggressive responding

The perception and attribution of facial asymmetry in normal adults

A matching law analysis of the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run

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