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Chloroplast–nucleus communication takes place via processes called anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways. Discovery of the retrograde signaling pathways from the chloroplasts to the nucleus also raised an intriguing proposition that chloroplasts may serve as environmental sensors since multitudes of environmental factors disturb chloroplastic homeostasis. Certain chloroplastic perturbations,...
Key message Arabidopsis GI negatively regulates chloroplast biogenesis and resistance to the herbicide butafenacil by enhanced activity and transcriptional levels of antioxidant enzymes Abstract Chloroplast biogenesis is blocked by retrograde signaling triggered by diverse internal and external cues, including sugar, reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, and abiotic stress. Efficient chloroplast...
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