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Polish exonyms from the Baltic countries are morphologically and phonetically adapted from earlier Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian names. They were often adapted from intermediate German or Russian versions. A German toponymic element is rather prominent, especially in the current Latvian territory, where there were once many German settlements. It has left a linguistic imprint both in older (16th–18th...
The Return of Names in the Context of Language Universals: Ancient and Contemporary Local Names with an International Character The article concerns the history and unique nature of local names derived from exonyms, such as Alexandria, Spain and Lisbon. It describes both past and contemporary onyms, i.e. the names of housing estates, such as Little Tuscany, and apartment buildings, such as Rome, London...
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