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High penetration of wind generation will increase the requirement for fast frequency response services as currently wind plants do not provide inertial response. Although the importance of inertia reduction has been widely recognized, its impact on the system scheduling has not been fully investigated. In this context, this paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation...
In this paper, we introduce an approach for a fast assessment of the dynamic characteristics of system frequency during the period of cold load pickup following a large-scale blackout. The approach is developed based on a load model and a model of generation control system: the load model con-siders the unique time-dependent characteristic of inrush power surges during the period of cold load pickup,...
This paper generalizes previous work on automatic generation control (AGC) gain in a single balancing authority system. In previous work, a control performance standard 1 (CPS1)-compliant AGC gain for a single balancing authority interconnection was proposed, assuming that frequency response can be decoupled from AGC dynamics by widening governor dead bands. However, current practices suggest that...
In this paper, a technique for designing fixed parameter decentralized power system stabilizers (PSSs) for interconnected power systems is proposed. In the proposed method, local information available at each machine in the multimachine environment, is used to tune parameters of PSS. Conventional design techniques such as P-Vr frequency response approaches, and the method of residues are based on...
HVDC provides the capability of designing transmission overlays that can add new functional capabilities to the HVDC and AC combined transmission system. The HVDC overlay can be designed as a network to provide power transfer limits higher than the present AC system. All or a good share of the contingent flows can designed to have congestion and loading managed with rescheduling of the HVDC network...
It is often the case that the frequency response data of a network or a system is available and one wants to identify a linear equivalent from the frequency response data for time-domain simulations and other purposes. To this end, a variety of methods have been proposed, and the vector fitting (VF) method and the frequency-partitioning fitting (FpF) method are often used for electromagnetic transient...
The integration of wind power into power systems has been gaining momentum in the global energy industry due to its environmental benefits and abundance of supply. However, the natural intermittent and non-dispatchable features of wind negatively impact the system's frequency regulation capability. Wind power not only injects additional fluctuations to the already variable nature of frequency deviation,...
This paper describes the successes of using high resolution, time-synchronized phasor measurement data from across North America to perform frequency response analysis. The annual analysis is performed to determine the frequency response obligations for each interconnection and Balancing Authority (BA). This analysis utilizes R&D tools developed under industry guidance and Department of Energy...
An increased use of variable generation technologies (VGTs) such as wind power and photovoltaic (PV) generation can have important effects in system frequency performance during both, normal operation as well as major power imbalances. This has led to new challenges for Transmission System Operators (TSOs), especially regarding the amount and kind of operating reserves to impose in the Unit Commitment...
Frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye), a wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) at distribution level, is known to be able to reveal many insights of power grid dynamics through the real time phasor measurement collected by frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs). A large number of FDR units are currently deployed in several power grids worldwide. This paper focuses on the inertial frequency responses...
Electrical Power systems are going through a transition of increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and growing transmission capacity between Asynchronous Areas (TBAA). Maintaining a reliable power balance is essential but most new RES and TBAA are not delivering Primary Frequency Controlled Reserves (PFCR) and not enhancing power systems Frequency Response Characteristics β. The issue...
Demand-side frequency control can complement traditional generator controls to maintain the stability of large electric systems in the face of rising uncertainty and variability associated with renewable energy resources. This paper presents a hierarchical frequency-based load control strategy that uses a supervisor to flexibly adjust control gains that a population of end-use loads respond to in...
Isolated grid (IG) usually has small inertia constant, and the primary frequency regulation ability of IG is limited. In addition, high penetration level of photovoltaic power plants (PV-PPS)integrated to IG deteriorate system inertial and primary frequency regulation ability. To ensure the stability of frequency, UC model considering dynamic frequency limit (DFL) is proposed in this paper, and PV-PPS...
This paper presents a framework to analyze the impact of different penetration levels of renewable generation sources (RES) and consequent reduction in inertia on grid frequency. The developed methodology is demonstrated using three operating conditions of the network. For each operating condition, the decrease in the network loading is balanced by disconnecting a part of synchronous generation. To...
South Australia is a southern state of Australia, where penetration of wind power has continuously increased over the last few years. In recent times, most of the wind power plants have been constructed based on variable speed wind turbine generators, namely type III and IV machines. These machines, however, do not intrinsically offer any support to control frequency excursion following a major disturbance...
Two major sources of rapid frequency response (RFR) to counter the reducing system inertia problem of the Great Britain (GB) system are “synthetic inertia” from wind turbines and fast demand response (FDR). In this paper, we consider a future low inertia scenario to show the effectiveness of RFR provision from the large offshore wind farms (OWFs) planned in the North Sea (concentrated response) against...
Renewable energy based microgrids are emerging as a potential solution to augment the utility grid energy. However, their inherent dependency on static power electronic inverters lesions utility grid equivalent rotational inertia, which effects the system resiliency during uncertainties. This degrades voltage-quality, frequency-stability, and self-healing capacity of the microgrid. This typical challenge...
Information about power system inertia is of utmost importance for the Transmission System Operators (TSOs), so that it can be guaranteed that the stability of the system is not under risk. A new offline inertia estimation method is proposed in this paper. The method includes the calculation of the total power change after a disturbance in the system, based on selection of appropriate time ranges...
The Grid Friendly™ Appliance (GFA) controller was proposed to autonomously switch off appliances by detecting under-frequency events. In this paper, a new frequency responsive load (FRL) controller is proposed by extending the functionality of the existing GFA controller. The proposed FRL controller can autonomously switch on (or off) end-use loads by detecting over-frequency (or under-frequency)...
The paper discusses the impacts of the advanced closed loop control through multi-functional multi-band power system stabilizers on dynamic performance of the New York State power grid. Reference signal modulation of certain devices in the system has been shown to improve system damping and affect frequency response during generator outage scenarios. The methodology behind the development of system...
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