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The robustness of a model-based control protocol as a less intensive TGC protocol using insulin Glargine for provision of basal insulin is simulated in this study. To quantify the performance and robustness of the protocol to errors, namely physiological variability and sensor errors, an in-silico Monte Carlo analysis is performed. Actual patient data from Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand were used...
The knowledge of teeth positions on the maxillary arch is useful in the rehabilitation of the edentulous patient. A combination of angular (θ), and linear (l) variables representing position of four teeth were initially proposed as the shape descriptor of the maxillary dental arch. Three categories of shape were established, each having a multivariate normal distribution. It may be argued that 4 selected...
The reservoir-wave paradigm separates pressure into windkessel-related ‘reservoir’ and wave-related ‘excess’ components, however the conceptual validity of this approach has not been sufficiently scrutinized. This paper assesses two logical implications of the reservoir-wave concept. First, parameters defining the reservoir (resistance and compliance) should be independent of wave effects. Second,...
The usefulness of cardiovascular models is determined by their intended function with respect to elucidating underlying hemodynamic concepts and to enable simulations that will assist in understanding the effects of specific parameters. Models can take different forms, including mock circulatory constructs with physical components, mathematical representations of parameter space relations employing...
In hypertension clinics, central blood pressure (CBP) should be estimated, instead of directly measured, by the “signal processing” of a noninvasive peripheral pressure waveform. This paper deals with the data obtained in our three separate studies focusing on a major estimation method, i.e., radial artery late systolic shoulder pressure (rSBP2)-based CBP estimation.
We performed a comparative analysis of reduced arterial models. These models are characterized by a few parameters that can be uniquely estimated from the limited measurements often available in practice. Hence, they offer a means to improve hemodynamic monitoring. We specifically describe Windkessel, transmission-line, and recursive difference equation models, show how they are related, pinpoint...
Waves and wave reflections play an undoubted role in arterial hemodynamics. Wave intensity analysis and separation of pressure into forward and backward components can both be used to analyze wave phenomena in arteries, but result in different interpretations regarding the contribution of wave reflections to the aorta blood pressure waveform. We compare these approaches using pressure and flow measurements...
With the demonstration of superior prognostic value of central blood pressure (CBP) beyond traditionally used brachial BP, there have been increasing interest in the development of novel devices reporting parameters of CBP. The emerging devices for non-invasive estimation of CBP, based on either tonometry-based or cuff-based techniques, were evaluated with various validation studies. Therefore, the...
This work aimed to estimate the distribution of the electric field and current density generated by cerebellar tDCS using electromagnetics computational techniques applied to a realistic human models of different ages and gender. Results show that the stronger electric field and current density occur mainly in the cerebellar cortex, with a spread toward the occipital region of the cortex, while the...
Cortical stimulation (CS) is an appealing and emerging treatment for neurological disorders. CS is known to promote functional recovery effectively; however, its underlying mechanism and the optimal parameters for the effective treatment are not clearly understood. In this work, we developed a realistic three-dimensional full head and chest model for subdural CS. Our proposed model was compared at...
We present a method for decreasing the duration of artifacts present during intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) recordings by using techniques developed for digital communications. We replace the traditional monophasic or biphasic current stimulation pulse with a patterned pulse stream produced by a Zero Forcing Equalizer (ZFE) filter after characterizing the artifact as a communications channel...
This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) flexible micro light emitting diode (μ-LED) array for selective optical stimulation of cortical neurons. The array integrated individually addressable μ-LED chips with slanted polymer-based microneedle waveguides to allow precise light delivery to multiple cortical layers simultaneously. A droplet backside exposure method was developed to monolithically...
We have developed a Si opt-neural probe with multiple waveguides and metal cover for highly accurate optical stimulation. This neural probe had 16 recording sites, three optical waveguides, and metal cover for suppressing light leakage. We evaluated electrochemical properties of the recording sites, and confirmed that the neural probe had suitable characteristics for neural recording. We also demonstrated...
Several low-power communication strategies have been studied for interfacing with cortical implants via mutual inductance links. In this paper, we consider performance optimization strategies for a mutual-inductance link based on the Pulse Harmonic Modulation method. We consider two enhancements that may allow for increased throughput in the PHM system. First, a low-power error-correcting code is...
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has the potential as a post-stroke rehabilitation tool, and the efficacy of the technology is most often demonstrated through output peripherals such as robots, orthosis and computers. In this study, the EEG signals recorded during the course of upper limb stroke rehabilitaion using motor imagery BCI were analyzed to better understand the effect of BCI therapy...
Resent studies suggest that brain-computer interface (BCI) training for chronic stroke patient is useful to improve their motor function of paretic hand. However, these studies does not show the extent of the contribution of the BCI clearly because they prescribed BCI with other rehabilitation systems, e.g. an orthosis itself, a robotic intervention, or electrical stimulation. We therefore compared...
Working together and collaborating in a group can provide greater benefits for people with severe motor disability. However, it is still not clear how collaboration should be supported by BCI systems. The present study explored BCI-supported collaborative work by investigating differences in performance and brain activity between when a pair of users performs a task jointly with each other and when...
Neuronal mechanism underlying dystonia is poorly understood. Dystonia can be treated with botulinum toxin injections or deep brain stimulation but these methods are not available for every patient therefore we need to consider other methods Our study aimed to develop a novel rehabilitation training using brain-computer interface system that decreases neural overexcitation in the sensorimotor cortex...
An electromyogram (EMG)-driven neuromuscular stimulator for upper limb functional recovery (Muraoka et al., 1998) can stimulate target muscles in proportion to the amount of voluntary EMG of the identical target muscles. Furthermore, it can facilitate the contraction of paralyzed muscles by electrical stimulation at subthreshold intensity level.
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) using event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is believed to represent increased activation of the sensorimotor cortex, have attracted attention as tools for rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in hemiplegic stroke patients. However, it remains unclear whether the corticospinal excitability is actually correlated with...
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