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Recent advances in ground penetrating radar (GPR) fabrication and signal processing have made high fidelity detection of buried anti-tank landmines a practical possibility under field scenarios. However, detection of subsurface landmines at a low false alarm rate (FAR) requires the effective removal of the response from the air/ground interface (ground-bounce response). This in turn requires accurate...
Natural and crop vegetation phenologic data become indispensable when creating thematically and geographically detailed maps through satellite images classification. Several date acquisition is necessary to achieve this cartography. However, the presence of clouds, shadows, snow, etc, is usual when many different dates are used and that fact implies an important loss in classifiable surface. This...
Dense media radiative transfer theory (DMRT) is used to study the multiple scattering effects in active microwave remote sensing. To solve the dense media radiative transfer equation, we decompose the diffuse intensities into Fourier series in the azimuthal direction. Each harmonic is solved by the eigen-quadrature approach. The solution includes full multiple scattering effects within DMRT. Comparisons...
A new method is developed to model the volume backscattering from dry snow. The model is a combination of the exact field approach and zeroth order vector radiative transfer theory. The field approach is used to define the scattering characteristics in a single almost indefinite small snow volume unit and the calculation is realized with discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The radiative transfer...
The seasonal snowpack across the boreal forest is an important national resource in both Canada and Finland, contributing freshwater for agriculture, human consumption, and hydropower generation. In both countries, satellite passive microwave data are utilized to provide operational information on snow depth (SD) and snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the snow cover season. Airborne passive microwave...
A complex of polarimetric (dual polarization), spatio- temporally combined active-passive devices of S (~3GHz), C (~5.6GHz), Ku (~0GHz), and Ka (~37GHz) band of frequencies is represented, for bare and vegetated soils, waved water surface and land snow cover microwave reflective and emissive characteristics multi-frequency, polarimetric, simultaneous and spatially coincident measurements. The complex...
We have made an endeavor to investigate the snow water equivalent (SWE) variations in Himalayan mountain region which is the most difficult terrain to access during winter seasons. The area also covers the large glaciers such as Siachen and Gangotri. A time series multi scale of SWE L3 product derived from Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) data have been analysed for three consecutive...
This paper introduces the application of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique for the assimilation of passive microwave remote sensing observations into a landsurface model, to improve the snow depth (SD) predictability. A new landsurface model, currently developed at the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is based on the simple biosphere model (SiB), is used as a forward model to predict...
The standard method for retrieving snow-covered area with C-band SAR is based on thresholding the ratio between a wet snow SAR image and a dry snow reference scene. A new approach is suggested here, where the snow cover fraction is retrieved by using a gradual transition between snow free and snow covered conditions. The paper discusses the method and applies it on a set of Radarsat data acquired...
Two regional snow mapping algorithms were developed and tested over the province of Quebec (Canada).: one using AVHRR imagery and the second using SMM/I data. In order to mitigate the disadvantages related to each type of data, we decided then to develop a merging procedure of the snow mapping results obtained by both sensors. This procedure allows combining the advantages of using both high spatial...
Information on physical snow cover characteristics, such as snow water equivalent (SWE) and the areal coverage fraction of snow covered area (SCA), can be obtained from space-borne remote sensing data. The feasible instruments include optical spectrometers and microwave radars (SCA mapping), and microwave radiometers (SWE mapping). As data assimilation techniques are applied, the EO data-derived information...
Aerosol particles in the atmosphere can affect climate directly by interacting with solar and terrestrial radiation and indirectly by their effect on cloud microphysics, albedo, and precipitation. The atmospheric aerosol products have been derived operationally from multi-channel imaging data collected with the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometers (MODIS) on board the NASA Terra and aqua...
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