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Positive small-signal net gain is demonstrated for the first time in optical waveguide amplifiers in X-cut Y-propagating lithium niobate by selective erbium (Er) and titanium (Ti) codiffusion. First, a planar codiffused sample was prepared for dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis. An erbium diffusion coefficient of 0.17 ??m2/h was calculated from the SIMS results and from the diffusion...
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