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The ever-increasing demand for capacity in optical networks is driving the development of transponders capable of achieving spectral efficiencies of up to 8 bit/s/Hz using advanced modulation formats and coherent-detection. However, operating at the highest spectral efficiency is accomplished at the expense of shorter transparent reach, potentially requiring the deployment of additional expensive...
A novel design of a broadband discrete Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifier is proposed. A broadband signal of 84 channels across 75 nm is experimentally amplified and the gain contribution of each amplifier stage is shown. The amplifier consists of a discrete Raman amplifier using a DCF fibre pumped at three 14×× nm wavelengths, which is followed by a 1480 nm pumped erbium doped fibre. An average gain of...
Fibre optical parametric amplifiers (FOPAs) offer the potential for high gain and >100 nm bandwidth at arbitrary wavelengths for increased transmission capacity. We will cover the main principles of the FOPA and discuss our approach to obtaining broad flat gain and performance improvement via simultaneous Raman amplification.
In this paper, gain, noise and nonlinear performance characterization of cascaded broadband discrete Raman amplifiers with different gain fibre combinations is presented. We numerically demonstrate the design of a backward-pumped cascaded dual stage broadband (∼70 nm) discrete Raman amplifier with high gain (∼19 dB), low noise (∼ 6 dB noise figure) and lower nonlinear penalty by optimizing two different...
Semiconductor organometallic halide (CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, Br, I) perovskites (HPVK) have been emerged as a potential gain media to construct a new generation of active photonic devices. Indeed, during the last three years a significant effort has been carried out to implement HPVK-based optical amplifiers or lasers with improved quality factors. In particular, minimization of the threshold of stimulated...
Commercially available Raman fiber pumps display relatively high Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) that gets transferred to the output signal in systems relying on Raman distributed amplification. This has been shown to drastically hinder performance in Raman-based transmission systems [1], limiting the practically usable forward pump powers and setting constraints to the design of low signal power variation...
The paper reviews the basic principles and recent advances of Raman fibre laser (RFL) based amplification techniques in long-haul/unrepeatered coherent transmission systems. Different aspects of RFL based amplification have been characterised, including signal power distributions and relative intensity noise (RIN). Various RFL based amplifier designs have been evaluated in long-haul coherent transmission...
The processes of absorption and stimulated emission are investigated via (i) energy conservation in a Fabry-Perot resonator, (ii) the Lorentz-oscillator model, and (iii) the Kramers-Kronig relations. Vacuum fluctuations are added and the relation between stimulated and spontaneous emission is clarified. It is shown that previous models start from incorrect assumptions about the physical foundations...
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